





LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



sheif _^<tl&£ 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 









es : 










EPHRAIM CUTTER, M.D., LL.D., Hon. F.S.Sc. (Lond.). 



Use of Clinical Microscope, i-io inch objective, with direct light of candle. 



PARTIAL SYLLABIC LISTS 



CLINICAL MORPHOLOGIES 



The Blood, Sputum, Feces, Skin, Urine, Vomitus, Foods, 

(including Potable Waters, Ice and the Air), 

the Clothing, Uterine and Vaginal 

Discharges, and Soils 



EPHRAIM CUTTER, M.D., LL.D. 



" A capacity to do good not only gives a title to it, but makes the doingof it aduty.' 1 - 
Duke of Brandenburg^ itgi 



SECOND EDITION 






NEW YORK 

Published by the Author 

1892 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 



TO V3 



Copyright by 
PHRAIM CUTTER 



PRESS OF 

6TETTIHER, LAMBERT A CO., 

22, 2* <t 2» READE ST., 

NEW YORK. 



CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

I. The Morphology of the Blood — Mode of Study, . i 

A. General list of the Morphology of the Blood in 

Health and Disease, 3; The Colored Corpuscles, 

3; The Colorless Corpuscles 4; The Serum, . 4 

B. Morphology of the Blood in Health, . . 7 

C. Movements and Changes of the Blood in Dying, . 9 

D. Morphology of the Blood in Consumption of the 

Lungs ; Use, 9 ; First or Incubative Stage 10 ; 
Second Stage, of Transmission, 10; the Third Stage 
or Stage of Tubercular Deposition 12 ; Fourth 

Stage, Interstitial Death, . . . 12 

E. The Morphology of the Blood in Rheumatism, . 13 

F. Fibraemia, . . . . . 17 

G. Thrombosis, . . . . . . 17 

H. Embolism, , .... 18 

I. Pre-embolic State, . . . . .18 

J. Anaemia, ...... 18 

K. Pernicious Anaemia, . . . . . 19 

L. Morphology of .the Blood in Syphilis, . . 19 

M. Morphology of the Blood in Eczema, . . 20 

N. Morphology of the Blood in Scrofula, . . 21 
O. Morphology of the Blood in Malaria, . .21 

P. Hereditary Taints, .... 22 

Q. Cancer, . . . . . . 23 

R. Morphology of the Blood in Variola and Vaccinia, 23 
S. Morphology of the Blood in Typhoid Fever, . 23 
T. Morphology of the Blood in Scarlet Fever and Diph- 
theria, .... t 24 

U. Morphology of the Blood in Fatty Degeneration, . 24 

V. Morphology of the Blood in Fibrous Consumption, 25 



IV CONTENTS. 

PAGB 

W. Cholesteraemia, . . . . • 2 5 

X. Morphology of the Blood in Carbuncle, . 26 

Y. Morphology of the Blood in Yellow Fever, . . 26 

Z. Leucocythsemia, .... 26 

II. Morphology of the Sputum, . . . 27 

III. Morphology of the Feces, . . . * 33 

IV. Morphology of the Skin, . . . .38 
V. Morphology of the Urine, ... 43 

VI. Morphology of the Vomitus, . . . .48 

VII. Morphology of Foods, ... .49 

A. Waters of Lakes, Ponds and Water sheds; Hydrant 

Waters, 49; List, 50; Appendix, . . 54 

B. Waters of Springs and Wells unconnected with Lakes 

or Ponds, ..... 58 

C. Ice, 6y, List, 64; Appendix, . . . -65 

D. Air, 70; List, . . . . .72 

E. Morphology of Foods; Animal and Vegetable, 74; 

Vegetable: Uncooked, 74; Cooked, 75; in the 
Feces, 75, 76, 77. Beefsteak: Uncooked, 76; 
Cooked, 76; in the Feces, 76; Adulteration, 77; 
Infants' Foods, . .... 78 

VIII. Morphology of Clothing, ... .80 

IX. Morphology of the Uterine and Vaginal Discharges, 82 
X. Morphology of Soils, . . . .84 

List of Lantern Slides, .... 86 



Plates. — The Blood and Sputum. 



Pamphlets — Food versus Bacilli in Consumption. 

On the Death of a Cured Case of Tuberculosis Pulmonalis. 

Male Neurasthenia. 

Fatty and Fibroid Degenerations. 

Cleaned Whole Wheat. 



PARTIAL SYLLABIC LISTS 



CLINICAL MORPHOLOGIES 



The Blood, Sputum, Feces, Skin, Urine, Vomitus, Foods, 

including Potable Waters, Ice and the Air, 

and the Clothing (After Salisbury). 



EPHRAIM CUTTER, 

M.D. Harvard and University of Pennsylvania, A.M. Yale, 
LL.D. Iowa, Hon. F.S.Sc. (London) 



Principal Medical Department, American Institute of Micrology; First to Photograph 

Consumptive Blood; Inventor Several Forms of the Clinical Microscope, 

The Cam Fine Adjustment, etc., etc. 

Corresponding Member Societe Beige de Microscopie and Gynecological Society of Boston ; 

Associate Member Philosophical Society of Great Britain; Honorary Member 

California State Medical Society; Member American Society of 

Microscopists, American Medical Association, etc. 

Author Boylston Prize Essay, 1857; Primer of the Clinical Microscope; What I Use the 

Microscope For; Morphology of Diseased Blood; Morphology of Rheumatic Blood 

(Ninth International Medical Congress); Morphology of Potatoes, Cooked; Crypta 

Syphilitica; Monstrous Spermatozoa; Micrographical Contribution as to the 

Vegetable Nature of Croup; Tubercle Parasite; Microscopical Examination 

of Ice; Suspicious Organisms in the Croton; Beri-Beri; Trichina; Butter; 

Effects of Alcohol on Brain Tissues; Action of Alcohol on the Blood; 

AsthmatosCiliaris; Diphtheria and Potatoes; Use of Microscope 

in Consumption; Throat Syphilis and Tubercle according to 

Salisbury; Tolles' 1-75 inch Objective, its History, Use, 

and Construction; Amoeboid Movements of the 

White Blood-Corpuscle; A New Sign of the 

Pre-Embolic State; Food Stuffs under 

the Microscope, etc., etc. 



" A capacity to do good not only gives a title to it, but makes the doing of it a duty."'— 
Duke of Bra-ndenburgy 1691 



NEW YORK 

THE ARISTON, BROADWAY AND 55TH STREET 

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 

1888 



Copyright by 
EPHRAIM CUTTER 



PRESS OF 

STETTINER, LAMBERT £ CO, 

22, 24 A 2« REAOE ST., 

NEW YORK. 



gedtcatiauo 

This work is respectfully dedicated to the following, 
who have shown themselves searchers after medical 
truth and courteous to co-laborers. 



Benjamin Cutter, M.D., A.M., in 
memoriam, sumraa laude 

J. Marion Sims, M.D., LL.D., in 
memoriam, summa laude 

E. S. Gaillard, M.D., LL.D., in 
memoriam, summa laude 

Louis Elsberg, M.D., in memoriam, 
summa laude 

George Waterhouse Garland, 
M.D., in memoriam 

George M. Beard, M.D., in me- 
moriam, summa laude 

S. D. Gross, M.D., LL.D., D.C.L., 
in memoriam, summa laude 

Frank H. Hamilton, M.D.,LL.D., 
in memoriam, summa laude 

James R. Nichols, M.D., in memo- 
riam, summa laude 

Washington L. Atlee, M.D., in 
memoriam, summa laude 

Professor L. A. Sayre, M.D. 

Professor T. G. Thomas, M.D. 

Professor Albert Vander Veer, 
M.D., Ph.D. 

Professor R. J. Nunn, M.D. 

Professor T. E. Murrill, M.D. 

Professor T. E. Satterthwaite, 
M.D. 

Professor Joseph Jones, M.D. 

Professor Jacob Cooper, M.D., 
Ph.D., J. CD., S.T.D. 

Professor Wm. B.Atkinson, M.D., 
A.M. 

Professor Byron Stanton, M.D. 

Professor J. Solis Cohen, M.D. 

Professor W. W. Dawson, M.D. 

Professor Samuel B. Ward, M.D., 
Ph.D. 

Professor Joseph Leidy, M.D. 



Professor James P. Boyd, M.D., 

M.A. 
Professor D. Hayes Agnew M.D., 

LL.D. 
Professor D. Humphreys Storer, 

M.D., LL.D. 
Professor H. M. Field, M D 
Eugene Van Slyke, M.D. 
Israel H. Taylor, M.D. 
George D. Dowkontt, M.D. 
Ezra P. Allen, M.D., Ph.D. 
David Prince, M.D. 
Alfred C. Garratt, M.D. 
G. L. Simmons, M.D. 
W. Symington Brown, M.D. 
Jonas C. IIakrts, M.D. 
Austin W. Thompson, M.D. 
Samuel W. Abbott, M.D., M.A. 
J. J. Mulheron, M.D. 
R. E. Thompson, M.D., F.R.C.P. 

Lond., summa laude 
Henry O. Marcy, M.D., LL.D. 
J. N. Hyde, M.D. 
Landon B. Edwards, M.D. 
Sir James Grant 
Professor Aust-Lawrence, M.D. 
D. H. Goodwillie, M.D. 
Professor A. B. Arnold, M.D. 
R. U. Piper, M.D. 
W. R. Weisager, M.D. 
Professor Domingos Freire, M.D. 
Caleb Green, M.D. 
A. F. Pattee. M.D. 
Fr. Ecklund, M.D. 
Professor E. A. Wood, M.D. 
Professor M. C. White, M.D. 
M. G. Wheeler, M.D. 
Henry C Bunce, M.D. 
Sir Morell Mackenzie 



IV DEDICATION. 



TO MY INSTRUCTORS 

James H. Salisbury, M.D., LL.D., Professor Oliver Wendell 
maxima laude Holmes, M.D., LL.D., D.C.L. 

Professor Paulus F. Reinsch Rev. Joseph Cook 

Professor J. P. Cooke, M.D. George B. Harriman, D.D.S. 

Robert B. Tolles, in memoriam 



INTRODUCTION TO THE MOR- 
PHOLOGIES. 

It is now over ten years since the writer first 
applied this word to the account (logos) of the 
forms (morphos) found in the blood, sputum, 
faeces, urine, etc., and its general adaptation 
seems to justify the use of the term. It was 
employed to facilitate the introduction of the 
thoughts and results embraced in The Relation 
of Alimentation to Disease* by J. H. Salisbury, 
M.D., LL.D., the master discoverer and ex- 
plorer. 

The morphologies of his discoveries are over 
twenty-five years old. The number of people 
who have been cured by the thorough and 
systemic plans based on them is such that 
there is no need of apologizing for bringing 
them more prominently to notice, but rather of 
apologizing that they have been kept back so 
long. The writer has not ceased night and 
day to urge their publication, and he is per- 
mitted to hint gently that, if what has now been 
issued is well received, much more valuable 

* New York: J. H. Vail & Co., 1888. 



VI INTRODUCTION TO THE MORPHOLOGIES. 

treasures will be dispensed from the store- 
house to all who ask for them. 

Those who gain a tolerable knowledge of 
these lists will expect, among other things, 
to diagnosticate consumption of the lungs in 
(i) The pretubercular state ; (2) In the inva- 
sion stage ; (3) In the breaking down stage. 
To diagnosticate syphilis at once. To diag- 
nosticate rheumatism, in its various forms. To 
diagnosticate fibraemia, anaemia, leucocythaemia, 
malaria, diseases of fatty degeneration, scle- 
rosis, locomotor ataxy, impending apoplexy, 
and paraplegia, etc., etc. To diagnosticate a 
state of perfect health, a tendency to diseased 
conditions, etc., etc. 

Since nearly a quarter of a century has been 
spent on these morphologies, it cannot be claim- 
ed that they are hastily gotten up ; still the lists 
are all partial, subject to addition and subtrac- 
tion, as need requires. They may be taken to 
represent the actual state of knowledge at the 
present day, which is quite an advance over a 
quarter of a century ago. 



PREFACE. 

For some years the writer has needed a pub- 
lished list of the clinical morphologies for the 
use of his pupils. He has waited long to have 
the lists complete, but in vain. Complete 
knowledge of any subject is about as rare as 
a completed city. Knowledge is ever on the 
increase, like most of our cities. We use our 
cities even if incomplete, so must we use our 
knowledge as far as it goes. 

One object of this work is to show the 
height and depth, the length and breadth of 
the so-called Salisbury plans; that they are en- 
titled to respectful hearing; that they include 
a wide survey and comprehensive grasp of the 
world that comes in contact with our bodies, 
outside and in ; that they have no narrowness 
of range nor contraction of vision ; that they 
deal with facts more than with opinions ; that 
the tests to which they may be subject are close 
at hand and near to reach. TJiey arc cis- not 
transatlantic. 

These morphologies also show that the writer 
has not ridden a one-horse hobby in satisfying 
his mind of the truth of the plans named, but 



Vlll PREFACE. 



that he has endeavored to take broad views of 
all the evidence in the matter before coming to 
conclusions. 

It has been suggested that the writer give a 
short history of his relation to these subjects. In 
justice to all concerned, and to make shorter 
work, the personal pronoun will be used, mostly. 

I began the use of the microscope as a means 
of education and useful knowledge, if my mem- 
ory serves me rightly, in the Sheffield Scien- 
tific School of Yale College in 1850. The 
winter of 1853-4 I spent in Professor J. P. 
Cooke's private laboratory, working up the 
morphologies of blood and urine, together with 
their micro-chemistry. Besides him, I have 
studied under Dr. O. W. Holmes, Col. J. J. 
Woodward, G. B. Harriman, D.D.S., Pro- 
fessor Paulus F. Reinsch, the highest author- 
ity in algae ; and Dr. James H. Salisbury. 
The last gentleman excels all others in the 
amount of original information which I have 
found of priceless need and value in medicine. 
Before studying medicine, I was inspired with 
a desire to know all I could about the causes 
of disease. Having, from a child, been in the 
habit of accompanying, in his professional 
rounds, my father, the late Dr. Benjamin Cut- 
ter, of Woburn, Mass. (who honored his pro- 
fession for forty years), I early took in the idea 
that there was a great field of much-needed 
effort, from the chance remarks he would drop 



PREFACE. IX 



when he resumed his seat in the carriage 
(which I kept) after having seen some very 
sick patients. He said often, " Oh, how I wish 
we doctors knew more as to the real causes of 
disease." This impulse was much strength- 
ened by his telling me (when I informed him 
that I did not want to study medicine to prac- 
tice it, but only to know the causes of disease), 
" Go ahead ; study all you can. I will help all 
I can, but I want you to study these three 
things. 

" i. What is the cause of consumption. 

H 2. What is the cause of the diseases of 
women. 

"3. What is the cause of diseases of the 
nervous system. 

" We doctors do not know anything about 
them." And yet this was a surgeon who suc- 
cessfully, without anaesthesia, opened the knee 
joint and removed a free cartilage (assisted 
only by the writer when twelve years old). 

The present work is the outcome of this 
paternal injunction. Advisedly, seriously, and 
thoughtfully can it be now said, these three (3) 
problems have been answered satisfactorily, 
and we know that unhealthy alimentation 
causes primarily all of these classes of disease. 

In 1857, ^e Boylston Prize was awarded 
the writer for an essay on " Under what Cir- 
cumstances do the Usual Signs Furnished by 



X PREFACE. 



Auscultation and Percussion Prove Falla- 
cious ? " 

In 1858, the writer invented a laryngoscope, 
which was made by Alvan Clarke & Son, the 
great telescope makers. 

In 1866, the writer took the first photograph 
of the vocal cords (his own), w r hich showed the 
thyroid insertion. 

In 1866, he demonstrated to large numbers 
his own larynx in situ naturali, and the poste- 
rior nares, showing either Eustachian tubes at 
will, the vomer, and turbinated bones, and first 
demonstrated the erection of the mucous mem- 
brane of the turbinated bones in smelling odor- 
ous or malodorous substances. 

Before i860, he travelled over five thousand 
miles to see if alcoholism could be connected 
with consumption of the lungs. 

In 1867, I visited Dr. Salisbury to learn how 
to study malaria. At that time, I found he had 
gone one step farther than I, and connected the 
vinegar plant with consumption. Thus he sup- 
plied the missing link to my chain, and, after 
repeated and careful observations, I came to 
learn the truth of this new doctrine in the ac- 
tual treatment and cure of cases, and ever since 
have endeavored to make it known in proper 
ways, so far as I could. 

Finding Dr. S.'s drawings denounced and 
ridiculed, and, of course, rejected, and stung to 
think that this work should be deemed an idle 



PREFACE. XI 



tale, I set myself to work to photograph as 
many of the appearances in consumptive blood 
as I could. Probably this was the first attempt 
of this kind. Never before this had I known 
of any blood being photographed save for 
medico-legal purposes. I found the subject 
very much hampered with details which I 
thought should be done away with. Feeling 
the greatness of the work, and that it should be 
done before my eyesight and faculties were too 
old, I gave up a fine country practice and set- 
tled in Cambridge, Mass., as I thought this seat 
of learning would be the most favorable for the 
encouragement and prosecution of my work. 
The winter of 1875-6 was spent in working up 
micro-photography. Fortunately I came across 
Dr. G. B. Harriman, Surgeon-dentist, of Bos- 
ton, who possessed magnificent objectives made 
by R. B. Tolles, among them the 1-50 inch and 
1-75 inch. He entered into the work heartily, 
and together we took micro-photographs of con- 
sumptive blood morphology for the first time 
and with the highest powers ever used up to 
that time and since (so far as I can ascertain), and 
which have been pronounced good in Europe. 
The account of this work may be found in 
the American Journal of Science, New Haven, 
August, 1879; Scientific American Supple- 
ment, September, 1879; Journal of Micro- 
grapJiie, Paris, 1879. These photographs have 
been placed on the screen before the American 



Xll PREFACE. 



Medical Association; Chicago Medical Society; 
Academy of Medicine, Virginia ; Academy of 
Sciences, New York ; Albany Medical College; 
Monday Lectureship, Boston, Rev. Joseph 
Cook; Gynecological Society of Boston, and 
many other bodies. These things are named 
to show that I am in earnest, for none would 
have done this unless he was sincere and meant 
what he said. 

In 1876, Professor Paulus F. Reinsch was 
introduced to me at the Botanical Garden, in 
Cambridge, as the greatest algologist. Care- 
ful study with him has confirmed my views 
on these so-called Salisbury plans. So many 
cures have followed, that I feel it would be a 
crime in me not to testify to what I know, and 
how I have been set right upon the three tasks 
propounded by my honored and honorable fa- 
ther more than thirty years ago, and which, so 
far as in me lies, I have tried to solve or have 
solved. I am a co-witness with Dr. Salis- 
bury ; ''that in the mouth of two or three witnes- 
ses every word may be established." I charge 
therefore those to whom these presents may 
come to look over the evidence, and take time 
before they treat these things as "idle tales." 
If the "Imperial Granum" w r hich I have shown 
morphologically to be common flour, and which 
the Connecticut agricultural experiment sta- 
tion has also shown to be common flour, selling 
at $1.00 per pound, while it is worth from 



PREFACE. Xlll 



$0,025 to $°-°5» ls used and indorsed by the 
medical profession (so that its proprietors have 
become rich and use fifty-two barrels of flour 
in one batch), on statements that wilt before 
the microscope and crucible, does it look well 
for the same noble profession to treat the plans 
here indorsed, which stand the tests of the mi- 
croscope and chemistry, as an " idle tale ? " 

I have nothing but good feeling or words 
towards those who honestly differ, but I do 
dislike to see physicians led by persons who 
not only have no medical education, but also ad- 
vertise untruths and at the same time consider 
these plans as "idle tales," and neglect to look 
into the evidence which has stood for nearly a 
quarter of a century, and which affects the weal 
or woe, not only of the public, but of the profes- 
sion and the very gentlemen themselves. 

Be this as it may, in time to come, none can 
accuse me of not having tried to discharge the 
duties which every physician owes to his fel- 
lows, to wit : if any physician knows or thinks 
he knows anything which will better the prac- 
tice of medicine, there is a moral obligation for 
him to discharge by making it known, and so 
long as the rules of courtesy are observed by 
the contributor, he is entitled to a courteous 
hearing. Any departure from this savors of 
savagery and puts the doer at once out of the 
pale of civilized ethics. 
May ist, 1888. 



CONTENTS. 



Dedication, ..... 
Introduction, ..... 
Preface, ..... 

I. The Morphology of the Blood — Mode of Study, 

A. General list of the Morphology of the Blood in 

Health and Disease, 3; The Colored Corpuscles, 
3; The Colorless Corpuscles 4; The Serum, 

B. Morphology of the Blood in Health, 

C. Movements and Changes of the Blood in Dying, 

D. Morphology of the Blood in Consumption of the 

Lungs ; Use, 9 ; First or Incubative Stage 10 ; 
Second Stage, of Transmission, 10; the Third Stage 
or Stage of Tubercular Deposition 12 ; Fourth 
Stage, Interstitial Death, 

E. The Morphology of the Blood in Rheumatism, 

F. Fibraemia, .... 

G. Thrombosis, .... 
H. Embolism, .... 

I. Pre-embolic State, 

J. Anaemia, ..... 

K. Pernicious Anaemia, . 

L. Morphology of the Blood in Syphilis, 

M. Morphology of the Blood in Eczema, 

N. Morphology of the Blood in Scrofula, 

O. Morphology of the Blood in Malaria, 

P. Hereditary Taints, 

Q. Cancer, .... 

R. Morphology of the Blood in Variola and Vaccinia, 

S. Morphology of the Blood in Typhoid Fever, 

T. Morphology of the Blood in Scarlet Fever and Diph 

theria, ..... 

U. Morphology of the Blood in Fatty Degeneration, 
V. Morphology of the Blood in Fibrous Consumption, 



PAGff 

iii.-iv. 

v.-vi. 

vii.-xiii. 



13 
17 

17 
18 
18 
18 

19 
20 
21 
21 
22 
23 
2 3 
23 

24 
24 
25 



XVI CONTENTS. 



W. Cholester?emia, . . . . 25 

X. Morphology of the Blood in Carbuncle, . 26 

Y. Morphology of the Blood in Yellow Fever, . . 26 

Z. Leucocythgemia, .... 26 

II. Morphology of the Sputum, . . . 27 

III. Morphology of the Feces, . . '33 

IV. Morphology of the Skin, . . . 38 
V. Morphology of the Urine, ... 43 

VI. Morphology of the Vomitus, . . . .48 

VII. Morphology of Foods, ... .49 

A. Waters of Lakes, Ponds and Water sheds; Hydrant 

Waters, 49; List, 50; Appendix, . . 54 

B. Waters of Springs and Wells unconnected with Lakes 

or Ponds, ..... 58 

C. Ice, 63; List, 64; Appendix, . . . -65 

D. Air, 70; List, . . . . .72 

E. Morphology of Foods; Animal and Vegetable, 74; 

Vegetable: Uncooked, 74; Cooked, 75; in the 
Feces, 75, 76, 77. Beefsteak: Uncooked, 76; 
Cooked, 76; in the Feces, 76; Adulteration, 77; 
Infants* Foods, ..... 78 

VIII. Morphology of Clothing, ... .80 



EXPLANATORY. 

Though, as stated in the title, these partial syllabic lists are after Salisbury, 
I wish to emphasize that those who read this book should, in order to get 
more information on the subjects noted, especially the blood, sputum, feces, 
urine, and skin, consult the woiks of Dr. Salisbury here named: 

i, " The Relation of Alimentation to Disease," octavo, pp. xi., 334, plates 
19. New York, 1888: J. H. Vail & Co. (See "Clinical Morphologies," 
consumption of the lungs, pp. 9 to 13; fibraemia, p. 17; anaemia, p. 18; perni- 
cious anaemia, p. 19; fibrous consumption, p. 25; sputum, pp. 27 to 32; feces, 
PP- 33 to 37.) 

2. " Microscopic Examinations of the Blood and Vegetations Found in Vari- 
ola. Vaccine, and Typhoid Fever.'* 66 pages and 62 illustrations. New York, 
1868. (See page 23, " Clin. Morphologies.") 

3. " Remarks on the Structure, Functions, and Classification of the Parent 
Gland Cells, with Microscopic Investigations Relative to the Causes of the 
Several Varieties of Rheumatism and Directions for their Treatment." I plate 
of illustrations. American Journal Medical Sciences, October, 1867, p. 19. 
(See pp. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, "Clin. Morphologies.") 

4. " Vegetations Found in the Blood of Patients Suffering from Erysipelas." 
Hallier, Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, 1873, 8 illustrations. 

5. " Infusorial Catarrh and Asthma." 18 illustrations, do., 1873. 

6. " Description of Two New Algoid Vegetations, One of which Appears to 
be the Specific Cause of Syphilis, and the Other of Gonorrhoea." Do., 1873. 
Also Atner. four. Med. Sci., 1867. (See pp. 19-20, " Clin. Morphologies.") 

7. " Chror ; c Diarrhoea and its Complications, or the Diseases Arising in 
Armies from a too Exclusive Use of Amylaceous Food, with Other Interesting 
Matter Relating to the Diet and Treatment of these Abnormal Conditions, 
and a New Army Ration Proposed with which this Large Class of Diseases 
may be Avoided." The Ohio Surgeon-General's Report for 1864. 

8. " Probable Source of the Steatozoon Folliculorum." St. Louis Medical 
Reporter, January, 1869. 

9. "Something about Cryptogams. Fermentation, and Disease." Do., 
February, 1879. 

10. "Investigations, Chemical and Microscopical, Resulting in what Ap- 
pears to be the Discovery of a new Function of the Spleen and Mesenteric 
and Lymphatic Glands." Do., August, 1867, 29 pages. 



XV111 EXPLANATORY. 

11. "Discovery of Choiesterin and Serolin as Secretions in Health of the 
Salivary, Tear, Mammary, and Sudorific Glands; of the Testis and Ovary; of 
the Kidneys in Hepatic Derangements; of Mucous Membranes when Congest- 
ed and Inflamed, and the Fluids of Ascites and that of Spina Bifida." Amer. 
Jour. Med. Sci. y April, 1863, 2 plates, 17 pages. 

12. " Remarks on Fungi, with an Account of Experiments Showing the In- 
fluence of the Fungi of Wheat and Rye Straw on the Human System, and Some 
Observations which Point to Them as the Probable Source of Camp Measles, 
and Perhaps of Measles Generally." Do., July, 1862, I plate, 30 pages. 

13. " Inoculating the Human System with Straw Fungi to Protect It Against 
the Contagion of Measles, with Some Additional Observations Relating to the 
fnfluence of Fungoid Growths in Producing Disease, and in the Fermentation 
and Putrefaction of Organic Bodies." Do., October, 1862, 8 pages. 

14. " Two Interesting Parasitic Diseases, One We Take from Sucking Kit- 
tens and the Other from Sucking Puppies. Trichosis Felinus and T. Caninus." 
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal^ June 4th, 1868. 6 illustrations. Also 
Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, Hallier, Jena, 1875. 

15. " Malaria," McNaughton prize essay, 1882. Octavo, pp. 152, plates 10. 
New York: W. A. Kellogg, 1885. (See pp. 21,22, "Clin. Morphologies.") 

16. "Diphtheria, Its Cause and Treatment." G. A. Davis, Detroit. 3 plates, 
1884. (See page 24, "Clin. Morphologies.") 

Which are a partial list of his works. 



I. 



THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 

MODE OF STUDY. 

It is necessary to have the patient, the micro- 
scope, the light, the means of withdrawal of the 
blood — a lancet, spring lancet, the scarificator 
of the writer, or a needle, which is not the best 
thing — all together. 

There is no such thing as taking the blood 
home to examine. The changes are so rapid 
that most of the important ones disappear in ten 
minutes' time. Still, after these are gone, many 
valuable points remain to be looked for. 

Kind of blood. — The capillary — not the ven- 
ous or arterial. 

Site of withdrawal. — On the radial or ulnar 
side of the forearm near the wrist. The skin 
should be clean and free from hair. If dirty, 
wash with soap suds or ammonia water. 
(It is well that the beginners should study 
the skin surface, dirt, and epithelium, be- 
fore looking at the blood.) Take the patient's 
forearm in the hand, and make the skin tense 



2 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 

in the interval between the thumb and fore- 
finger. A quick puncture is then made, about 
one-eighth of an inch deep. The tension of 
the grip will squeeze out a drop of blood. The 
size of the drop should bear a direct relation to 
the size of the cover. If there is too little 
blood, the corpuscles will become crenated, 
that is, wrinkled from a sort of protoplasmic 
action induced by too much dryness in the 
space about the blood. If there is too much 
blood, the superfluity will float the cover about; 
there will be too much thickness of the film, 
and it will crowd the red corpuscles so much as 
to render them indistinguishable. The excess 
must be removed by a bibulant. Very much 
depends on handling the drop of blood rightly. 
When the drop evenly diffuses itself, it is pre- 
sumed that the film is about uniform in thick- 
ness, so that one can judge somewhat as to the 
comparative number of corpuscles in each speci- 
men. The process of transferring the blood 
should take only a few seconds of time ; a frac- 
tion should be sufficient. 

Of course, the slide and cover should be 
previously cleaned, and also the microscope 
should be free from dirt and in focus ; as, after 
a previous use, if the blood specimen is placed 
on the stage, it will be in focus at once, and the 
rapid movements, changes, and morphological 
elements will be visible immediately. 

The novice had better scrutinize carefully 



THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 3 

everything he sees, not caring whether he 
knows the name of the object or not. 

A. GENERAL LIST OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF 
THE BLOOD IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 

The Color of the Blood to the Unaided Eye. 
Consistence of the Blood. Rapidity of Clot- 
ting. 

1. The colored corpuscles. 

2. The colorless corpuscles. 

3. The serum. 

1 . The Colored Corpuscles. 

In normal proportion. 

In excess. 

In diminished quantity. 

Normal consistence. 

Too soft, plastic, and sticky ; adhering to- 
gether and being drawn out in thread-like pro- 
longations. 

Nummulated, like rolls of coin. 

Not nummulated. 

Evenly and loosely scattered over the field. 

Slightly grouped. 

In irregular, compact masses. 

In ridges. 

Color, clear, fresh, bright, ruddy, clean cut. 

Color, pale, muddy, ashy, unlustrous, not 
fresh, not bright, not ruddy. 



4 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 

Holding firmly the coloring matter, yet soft 
and plastic. 

High colored, smooth and even in outline, 
hard and rigid. 

Allowing the coloring matter to escape freely, 
obscuring their outlines. 

Mammillated. 

Cholesterine in. 



2. The Colorless Corpuscles. 

In normal proportion. 

In too small quantity. 

In excess. 

Normal in quantity or in excess ; sticky and 
plastic, endangering the formation of thrombi 
and emboli. 

Ragged and broken down. 

In excess, ragged and broken. 

In excess, smooth and even. 

Containing vacuoles. 

Containing vegetations that distend them to 
an enormous size. 

Contain thin, bladder-like, empty cells, of 
various sizes, that distend them. 

Contain the spores of crypta syphilitica. 

3. The Serum. 

Too little. 
Too much. 



THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 5 

Normal. 
Its fibrin : 

In normal proportion. 
In too small proportion. 
In too large proportion. 
Meshes normal in size and in arrange- 
ment, allowing the free circulation of 
blood-cells through them. 
Meshes too small to admit of the free 
circulation of blood -cells through 
them, on account of which the blood- 
cells arrange themselves in ropy 
rows, or ridges and masses, being 
held in the meshes of the partially 
clotted or contracted fibrin. In such 
cases, the individual fibrin filaments 
have an increased diameter and opa- 
city. 
Want of, in pernicious anaemia. 
Enlarged, thickened, and more opaque 

in rheumatism. 
Thrombi of, filled or not with granular 

or crystalline matters. 
Sticky and plastic. 
Minute grains and ragged masses of black, 
blue, brown, or yellow pigment. 
Fat, globules and masses of. 
Amyloid matters. 
Broken-down parent cells. 
Thrombi of algae spores. 
Thrombi of algae filaments. 



6 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 

Algae filaments and spores without aggrega- 
tion. 

Fungi spores. 

Fungi filaments. 

Zymotosis regularis spores. 

Zymotosis regularis mycelial filaments. 

Entophyticus haematicus spores and fila- 
ments. 

Penicillium quadrifidum spores and mycelial 
filaments. 

Penicillium botrytis infestans. 

Crypta syphilitica spores and filaments. 

Mycoderma aceti spores and filaments. 

Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 

Alcohol and acid yeasts.. 

Microsporon furfur. 

Gemiasma, alba, plumba, rubra. 

Mucor malignans. 

Biolysis typhoides. 

Crypta carbunculata. 

Ios variolosa vacciola. 

Ios vacciola. 

Cryptococcus Xanthogenicus (Freire). 

Cystine, granules and crystals. 

Phosphates, granules and crystals. 

Stelline, granules and crystals. 

Stellurine, granules and crystals. 

Granules and crystals of a miscellaneous 
character. 

Conchoidine. 



THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. J 

Pigmentine, black, brown, bronze, aniline 
blue, red, yellow, etc. 
Cholesterin. 
Leucin. 
Creatin. 

Uric acid and urates. 
Carbonate of lime. 
Inosite. 



B. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN HEALTH. 

According to Conventional Nomenclahire to 
Aid in Studies. 



Blood from Capillaries : 

Color ; bright, fresh, clear, ruddy, strong. 

Clotting ; rapid and firm. 

Red corpuscles — arrange themselves in num- 
mulations, or are scattered evenly over the 
field. Normal in size. Non-adhesive. Cen- 
tral depression well marked on both sides ; 
periphery well rounded, clean cut. Hold col- 
oring matter firmly. Pass readily to and fro 
through the fibrin filaments. Appear fresh 
and fair, giving an appearance of health, like a 
rosy-cheeked maiden full of life. 

IVhite corpuscles — normal in size. Not en- 
larged by internal collections of foreign bodies. 
Amoeboid movements strong or not. Propor- 



5 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 

tion, one to three hundred of red corpuscles. 
Consistence good. Not sticky. Color a clean 
white. Freely moving at will. 

Serum — clear and free at first sight from any 
form. After five minutes, most delicate semi- 
transparent fibrin filaments appear, forming a 
very light network in the field, which offers no 
obstacle to the passage of the corpuscles. 

There should be no spores nor vegetations 
in healthy serum, though they may be found 
by very minute examination, or by letting the 
blood stand for several days in closely stopped 
phials at a temperature of from 60-75 Fahren- 
heit. This is not saying that spores and fila- 
ments cannot be found in blood of persons 
calling themselves healthy — for some diseases 
exist in a latent condition, like rheumatism, 
syphilis, cystinaemia, and consumption. I have 
met with people who, on finding vegetations in 
their blood, have decided not to accept the evi- 
dence because they deemed themselves healthy. 
Again, it is difficult to find a perfectly healthy 
person in the community ; this was made pub- 
lic during the 'Tate unpleasantness," when 
drafts were made for soldiers. The blood evi- 
dence must be taken in connection with that of 
the other physical signs. 



THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 9 

C. MOVEMENTS AND CHANGES OF THE BLOOD 

IN DYING. 

These are important and need study. They 
are like the behavior and manners of people 
that convey ideas, as they are to be gained in 
no other way. After one has learnt these 
movements in health, he will appreciate them 
in disease. Again, as Dr. Salisbury remarks, 
there are tendencies to diseased states in the 
blood which need detection, as they are much 
easier remedied than when confirmed. It is 
impossible to convey these ideas on paper or in 
drawings ; they must be learned from actual 
observation. The morphology of healthy blood 
is a most rigid test, and in delicacy and far 
reaching goes beyond any of the other physical 
signs. When generally known and appreci- 
ated, it will be of great benefit, specially in life 
insurance examinations, army or navy examin- 
ations, and in the study of the best modes of 
physical culture. 

D. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN CONSUMP- 
TION OF THE LUNGS. 

Use. — In diagnosis, exceeding in value aus- 
cultation and percussion, because it detects 
consumption of the lungs before there is any 
lesion of them. To show the real progress of 
the case by the substitution of the morphology 



IO THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 

of health more or less, to show when patients 
have lapsed in the treatment by eating for- 
bidden food, and to show when there is a real 
cure. To repeat, most valuable of all to make 
out a diagnosis of consumption with as much 
certainty as it is possible in human affairs, and 
by removing the uncertainty, sometimes dread- 
ful, of the diagnosis that accompanies the con- 
ventional first stages of consumption of the 
lungs. 

This value is so great that it is more than a 
warrant for this publication to be made. It is 
hardly possible to overestimate the importance 
of this department of physical exploration. 

First or Incubative Stage. 

Red blood-corpuscles are less in number, 
ropy, and sticky, more or less, but not much 
changed otherwise. 

Second Stage, of Transmission. 

i. Red corpuscles. — Color pale, non-lustrous; 
not clear cut, not ruddy. Consistence, sticky, 
adhesive. Coating of neurine removed. Not 
so numerous as in normal blood. Owing to 
the increased size and strength of the fibrin 
and the stickiness, they form in ridges, rows, 
but not so marked as in rheumatic blood. 
They accumulate in aggregations of confused 



THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. I r 

masses, like droves of frightened sheep. They 
adhere to each other, and are rotten, as it were, 
in texture. 

2. White corpuscles. — Enlarged and dis- 
tended by the mycoderma aceti, or spores of 
vinegar yeast, that are transmitted into the blood 
stream from the intestines. 

3. Serum. — More or less filled with the 
spores of mycoderma aceti or vinegar yeast. 
These occur either singly or in masses of 
spores, which is the common form in which 
they are found, wherever vinegar is produced. 

The fibrin filaments are larger, stronger, more 
massive than in health, and form under the 
microscope a thick network which is larger, 
stronger, and more marked in direct proportion 
to the severity of the disease or the amount of 
accumulation. 

Besides, the serum is apt to be of a dirty ash 
color. 

The sticky white corpuscles, the massive 
fibrin filaments in skeins, and the yeast spores 
alone or combined, form aggregations, masses, 
collects, thrombi and emboli which block up the 
blood-vessels of the lungs soonest, because 
exposed to cold air, the most of any viscus ; 
the blood-vessels contract, and thus arrest the 
thrombi and form a heterologous deposit, which 
is called tubercle. 



12 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 

The Third Stage, or Stage of Tubercular 
Deposit. 

These deposits increase so long as vitality 
subsists in the tubercle and surroundings. 
When vitality ceases, the tubercle softens or 
breaks down. Sometimes, if the process is 
very slow and life slightly inheres in it, the 
proximate tissue undergoes fatty infiltration, 
which preserves it from readily breaking down. 

The morphology of the blood is the same for 
the second and third stages of consumption. . 

Fourth Stage. 

Interstitial Death. 

Morphology of the blood in this stage is the 
same as in the second and third, save that it 
becomes more impoverished. 

The red corpuscles are thinner, paler, much 
lessened in number, increased in adhesiveness, 
stickiness, and poverty. Devoid more or less 
of neurine. 

The white corpuscles are fewer in number, 
more enlarged ; often ragged and rough. Dis- 
tended with spores of mycoderma aceti, more 
adhesive, and sticky. 

The serum. — Fibrin filaments are thickened, 
stronger, more massive, and more skeins of 
them present. The collects of mycoderma 



THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 1 3 

aceti are very much larger and more numer- 
ous ; in moribund cases, I have seen them so 
large as almost to fill the field of the microscope. 
They present anfractuous edges and amoeboid 
prolongations, giving them a weird, bizarre 
aspect which, under the circumstances, have a 
portentous aspect, for the larger and more 
numerous the spore collects of mycodermi aceti 
are, the more dangerous the case. 

One great proof of the so-called Salisbury 
plans is, that they will entirely change the mor- 
phology of consumptive blood to that of health, 
and the whole process can be watched and 
studied to the delight of all concerned. 

E. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN 
RHEUMATISM. 

Rheumatism may be called the 

Gravel of the Blood. 

Color varies from that of health to the pale- 
ness of anaemia. 

Consistency and rapidity of clotting increased. 

1. Red corpuscles. — Color usually impaired, 
not always; coloring matter not so firmly held 
as in health. 

Adhesive, sticky, often drawn out into elon- 
gated lozenge-shaped bodies with pointed ends, 
and sometimes filamentous joining with one or 
more of their fellows. 



14 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 

Clot in winrows, ridges, and huddled masses; 
sometimes quite formless. This is caused by 
the massive fibrin filaments holding them fast, 
as it were, in their firm meshes. The same 
thing is seen in consumptive blood, but to a 
less degree. 

2. JVhite corpuscles usually enlarged ; adhe- 
sive, sticking to each other and to the red 
corpuscles, and matters found in the serum. 
Indeed, it seems to be the office of the white 
corpuscles so far as possible to swallow and 
envelop any foreign substance that may find its 
way into the blood. Thus we find crystalline 
matters in the white blood-corpuscles in rheu- 
matism, though not always. 

They undergo amoeboid movements as in 
healthy blood — they have independent locomo- 
tion. Disease does not seem to impair their 
automatic movements. 

Often they are increased in number. If there 
is fatty degeneration going on, they will be 
found to contain fat in globules. 

3. The serum. 

. Fibrin filaments — in massive, strong and 
sticky threads, in abundance — in meshes, which 
are finer than in health, visible plainly — strong 
and hold the red corpuscles like prisoners — in 
skeins, like tangled skeins of silk — in masses 
forming thrombi which, when fastened, form 
emboli. 

These thrombi are apt to involve and em- 



THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 15 

brace white and red corpuscles and crystalline 
bodies to be named below. Sometimes the 
fibrin filaments are found in large round strings, 
curled up fancifully by the motion of the blood 
stream, and looking like the mycelial filaments 
of vegetations, from which they can be distin- 
guished by an absence of entire cylindrical 
outline — ragged broken edges here and there 
and dichotomous and polychotomous divisions 
of the trunk, different from vegetations of 
syphilis for example. It is the presence of 
these fibrin filaments that makes the blood ropy, 
adhesive, and sticky. They have the tendency 
to block up the blood stream and besides to be 
locally deposited in the tissues, specially when 
the circulation is sluggish, as near the extremi- 
ties and the joints. 

Crystalline bodies, or gravel of the blood. 

These are numerous and readily recognized ; 
some of them are as follows : — 

1. Uric acid and urates of soda. 

2. Phosphates — specially the triple phos- 
phates of lime and soda. 

3. Oxalate of lime. 

4. Cystine. This is quite common and easily 
detected. 

5. Carbonate of lime, rare. 

6. Stelline and stellurine. These occur 
mostly in granular form in the serum, but in 



lb THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 

old cases, where the system is saturated, they 
are crystalline. 

7. Black, brown, aniline blue, bronze, orange,, 
red and yellow pigments in the form of flakes 
or small masses are common in rheumatic 
blood, and may be termed gravelly matters 
that should have been eliminated by the kid- 
neys or bowels or skin. 

Latent Condition of the Characteristics of 
Rheumatic Blood. 

The morphology of rheumatic blood exists- 
in a latent condition in persons apparently 
well ; but when they are exposed to cold, the 
blood-vessels contract, catch and detain these 
abnormal elements, and we have a stasis of the 
blood which may be active or passive and 
manifests itself in heat, fever, pain, swelling, 
inflammation or passive congestion, effusion, 
etc., and which make up what is known as an 
" attack of rheumatism." The fever may re- 
sult from the effects of nature to get rid of the 
intruders, just as a householder will become 
hot in expelling from his premises a thief who 
is difficult to get rid of. Or to use another 
simile, the attack of rheumatism is like the ex- 
plosion of a gun. The charge in the gun is 
the morphology of rheumatic blood, and the 
cold is the pulling of the trigger. The charge 
may be latent in the gun for years, but it is 



THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. I J 

there with its potential energy ready to be- 
come actual from an exciting cause. 



F. FIBRyEMIA. 

In a nomenclature which was made before 
the present advance of knowledge, there is dif- 
ficulty in making it fit to the new era. I shall 
not attempt to relieve this difficulty, but try to 
adapt the subject to the conventional names, 
as the object of this work is practical aid in 
treating diseases, no matter what they are 
called. 

Fibrmnia is where the fibrin is in excess in 
filaments, skeins, curled massive fibres like 
strings — thrombi and emboli. These are in 
a more exaggerated condition and form than in 
consumption or rheumatism, and are not 
necessarily associated with the crystalline 
matters or gravel. Sometimes the fibres look 
like a scalp that has been taken from the head 
of a woman with long tresses of hair. 

G. THROMBOSIS 

Is where masses of fibrin accrete and con- 
solidate together, including or not the red 
corpuscles, white corpuscles, crystalline and 
pigmentary bodies, spores and mycelial fila- 
ments or vegetations, one or all. 



15 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 

H. EMBOLISM 

Is where a thrombus has been caught or en- 
gaged in a blood-vessel and acts as a plug 
disturbing the circulation. When the embolus 
is made up of spores of mycoderma aceti or 
vinegar yeast and is caught in the lungs, it de- 
velops tubercle of the lungs, and so in other 
parts of the body. So senile gangrene of the 
extremities is caused by fibrinous clots plug- 
ging up an artery. 



I. PRE-EMBOLIC STATE. 

As thrombi precede emboli, so they can be 
detected in the blood before the embolism, sim- 
ply by the morphology of the blood. In this 
way, sudden deaths from embolism, specially 
in the puerperal state, can be averted, and this 
aid alone renders the microscope an invaluable 
assistant to the physician who is devoted to his 
profession, and is sufficient to redeem it from 
the title of " accursed," as given it lately by a 
divine of this city. 



j. ANAEMIA 

Is where the serum is in excess and the red 
and white corpuscles are in diminution; fibrin 
also in excess. 



THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 19 



K. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA 

Is where the red corpuscles are not formed or 
normally replaced. Here the blood glands are 
at fault, from improper alimentation. It is es- 
sentially a food disease. 



L. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN SYPHILIS. 

This morphology can be found associated 
with any of the preceding morphologies, but, 
when present by itself, it is recognized in the 

Serum in two forms. 

First. The spores of the crypta syphilitica. 

Second. The mycelial filaments or full de- 
velopment of the same. The fructification is 
yet to be seen. 

1. The spores are very minute, automobile, 
very lively, active, and saltatory. Carefully 
focussed a little off, they show a copper color. 
They dance about in the serum spaces and 
over the red corpuscles, where they elude 
search, unless one is a good and careful ob- 
server. They also crowd or are crowded into 
the white corpuscles, in which their color ap- 
pears to greater distinctness, and which cor- 
puscles are often distended to a great size. 

2. The mycelial filaments of the crypta syph- 
ilitica are round, cylindrical, slightly tapering, 
mostly in small curved pieces broken off, with 



20 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 

one end larger than the other, or clavate at one 
end. 

Color, when a little out of focus, copper. 
Sometimes they are long and wavy, sometimes 
branching. They are found in best condition 
in the w T alls of chancres. 

The great value of a diagnosis of the mor- 
phology of syphilitic blood lies in the almost 
instant detection of the disease without a word 
to the patient, and in telling at once when the 
disease is cured, for it is not cured unless the 
blood is free from the plant. 

The use of this morphology would prevent 
the terrible lesions of tertiary syphilis, as the 
patient would not be allowed to run into this 
stage. It tells at once the real progress of the 
case under treatment, and shows how remedies 
act, or if they are good for anything. It 
amazes the writer to see how indifferent the 
profession are to the morphology of syphilitic 
blood. It is an " idle tale," just as ocean steam 
navigation, telephony, and railroading were. 
Ere I die, I hope to see the world enjoying the 
benefit of this use of the microscope, as it does 
the once " idle tales " named. 



M. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN ECZEMA. 

Here the spores are black and still, not auto- 
mobile, but passive. Parent vegetation not 
made out. This morphology may be found 



THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 21 

associated with any of the others. No case of 
eczema is cured unless these spores are elimi- 
nated. 



N. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN SCROFULA. 

This is either syphilitic or tuberculous, or 
both. See the morphologies of consumption 
and syphilis. 

O. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN MALARIA. 

Here the diagnosis rests on the forms found 
in the serum. There are : 

i. The spores of the gemiasma plants or 
other plants found in malarious districts, which 
rise in the air from the soil, and are inhaled 
into the air passages where the blood comes 
within one-three-thousandth (~) of an inch of 
the atmosphere. They there gain admission to 
the blood. 

2. The sporangias of the mature gemiasmas. 

These are pale or white in color, and gen- 
erally contain less spores than normal, as would 
be expected in algae growing in an unnatural 
habitat, as the inside of the human body. 

Remarks. — i. Are most common. 2. Are 
rare, but in doubtful cases, if the skin mor- 
phology of the axillae is studied, the full-grown 
aerial form of the gemiasmas may be found 
there for corroborative diagnosis. The malaria 



2 2 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 

blood morphology may exist in a latent con- 
dition in persons apparently healthy, needing; 
a torpid liver or a cold to make their energy 
actual, just as in the case of the loaded gun 
alluded to above. 

There are several kinds of cryptogamic 
vegetations that cause malaria. Some of these 
are innocent vegetations in their natural habi- 
tat, but when annualized by coming in contact 
with animal matter in decay, and living on it, 
then they are endowed with a power to attack 
and live on the human habitat, and become the 
predisposing cause of malaria — so termed prob- 
ably because these causative vegetations invade 
through the air — when taken into the digestive 
organs, as they must be in quantities, they 
seem to be destroyed by the juices of the ali- 
mentary canal. See " Malaria/' McNaughton 
prize essay, 1882, by J. H. Salisbury, M.D., 
LL.D. New York: W. A. Kellogg, 1885. 



P. HEREDITARY TAINTS 

Are conventionally supposed to come through 
the blood, but the evidence of blood morpholo- 
gies does not bear out this idea in a general 
way. Consumption comes by feeding on food 
that undergoes alcoholic and vinegary fermenta- 
tion in the digestive organs. 

The spores of crypta syphilitica and eczema 
may be transmitted from the mother or father 



THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 23 

to the offspring, but they are now about the 
only ones that can be traced. 



Q. CANCER 

Is more a disease of nutrition — tissue devel- 
oped under mob law — and goes in families, 
because families feed on the same food at the 
same table. The researches of Dr. Domingos 
Freire, of Rio Janeiro, and others point out a 
microbe. This is an advance in our knowledge, 
for hitherto we have been able to detect no 
vegetation in cancerous blood before the gen- 
eral system has been broken down in the last 
stages, and here it seems more a result than a 
cause. But we are grateful for any more light, 
and accord Dr. Freire all credit and honor for 
his work. 

R. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD OF VARIOLA 
AND VACCINIA. 

Ios variolosa vacciola spores and filaments 
in variola. 

Ios vacciola spores and filaments in vaccinia. 

S. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN TYPHOID 

FEVER. 

Biolysis typhoides spores and filaments. 
The spores grow with great profusion in the 



24 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 

white blood-corpuscles, leaving them as empty- 
sacs sometimes floating in the blood stream. 
The spores also grow in profusion in all the 
epithelia of the body. Patient not cured before 
the plant is removed. 



T. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN SCARLET 
FEVER AND DIPHTHERIA. 

Scarlet fever. — Mucor malignans spores, or 
a species very near kin to it. 

Diphtheria. — Mucor malignans. 

The aerial form may be cultivated from the 
throat membranes, but it is very dangerous 
work. The writer found that a three and a 
half years' sojourn of the diphtheritic membrane 
(from the uvula of his daughter Mary who died 
in spite of all that was done) in strongest car- 
bolic acid was not enough to destroy the 
life of the vegetation. He confesses he was 
frightened, and abandoned the study of this 
particular spore. 

U. MORPHOLOGY OF BLOOD IN FATTY 
DEGENERATION. 

The white corpuscles contain globules of fat 
more or less abundant. The serum in advanced 
cases, or cases tending that way, contains fat 
globules more or less large and numerous. 

The red corpuscles are apt to have not full 



THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 25 

color, strength of outline, and be adhesive, pale, 
sticky. 

Remarks. — The fibre of an outlying muscle 
may be brought out by a minute spear thrust 
in and tested for fat in the fibrillae (S.), as a 
confirmation of the diagnosis. Very important 
in the treatment of softening of the brain, apo- 
plexy, Bright' s disease, etc. 



V. THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN 
FIBROUS CONSUMPTION. 

Here the mycoderma aceti or vinegar yeast 
does not get into the blood, and change it, as 
in tubercular consumption, since the pylorus 
keeps the vinegar yeast in the stomach. There 
is breaking down of living tissue to a less ex- 
tent. This tissue has been thickened, hardened, 
and made stony from deposit of gravel. The 
diagnosis is not so easy as that of tubercular 
consumption. 

W. CHOLESTER/EMIA. 

Red blood-discs soft, yielding, plastic, often 
sticky, holding feebly the coloring matter which 
escapes and obscures the field. 

Serum contains cholesterin. 

Diagnosis. — Blood standing a few hours on 
the slide ; crystals of cholesterin appear on the 
edges of the slide. 



26 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 

This shows a tendency to amyloid disease in 
the spleen, lacteal and lymphatic glands, liver, 
kidneys, heart and large blood-vessels, and 
amyloid matters are found in the blood stream. 



X. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN CAR- 
BUNCLES. 

Crypta carbunculata spores and filaments 
which are found in abundance also in the 
sloughs of the carbuncle. 

Y. THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN 
YELLOW FEVER. 

Cryptococcus xanthogenicus (Freire). See 
his monumental work. 



Z. LFZUCOCYTH^EMIA 

Is where the white corpuscles are in large ex- 
cess and the red corpuscles in diminution ; se 
rum in excess. 



II. 
MORPHOLOGY OF SPUTUM. 

MODE OF STUDY. 

One and one-fifth inch objective ; one inch 
ocular. 

Polarized light needed sometimes to distin- 
guish the fibres of lung tissues from other 
organic fibres. 

At least three specimens should be collected 
and studied at each examination. Sputum 
may be sent from patients prepared as follows : 
dry, away from sun or stove, a mass of morning 
sputum about one inch in diameter on white 
writing paper. The specimen will keep indefi- 
nitely and may be mailed anywhere. When 
ready for examination, soak specimen with a 
little water. The objectives made by the late 
Mr. Tolles and by his successor, Mr. John Green, 
will focus through a slide. It is therefore much 
easier to place some of the moistened sputum 
on a slide and then cover with another slide ; 
this is done quicker than when one has to use 
thin covers. It is a pity that other American 
objective makers cannot follow the example of 



28 xMORPHOLOGY OF SPUTUM. 

the illustrious Tolles, and make one-fifth inch 
objectives that will focus an eighth of an inch 
from the object, and not a sixteenth or thirty- 
second, as the common rule is. 

Sputum needs morphological study as much 
as urine or blood. 

As the morphology may include that of the 
air, of course this is incomplete. 

Aerial forms of yeasts. 

Albuminoid matters. 

Alcoholic and lactic acid yeasts. 

Algae, names unknown. 

Amorphous organic and inorganic matters, 
including dust and dirt inhaled from the atmo- 
sphere. 

Amyloid bodies. 

Anabaina irregularis. 

Any of the microscopic fauna and flora found 
in drinking waters. 

Asthmatos ciliaris. 

Bacilli. 

Bacteria, so-called. 

Blood-corpuscles, white and red. 

Butter. 

Calculi made up of: 
Cholesterin. 
Cystin. 

Oxalate of lime. 
Phosphate of lime. 
Triple phosphates. 
Uric acid. 



MORPHOLOGY OF SPUTUM. 29 

These may all come under the appellation of 
" gravel of the lungs." 

Carbon, from smoke inhaled. 

Carbonized tissue from lungs. 

Cells and fibres of lung tissue. 

Cholesterin. 

Clots of blood. 

Colloid. 

Connective animal tissues. 

Contents of giant cells escaped outside of 
walls. 

Cotton fibre. 

Cream of tartar crystals. 

Crystals with two or more terminals. 

Cystin. 

Dust and dirt. 

Elastic lung fibres. 

Elements of animal food eaten, cooked and 
uncooked. 

Elements of vegetable food eaten, cooked 
and uncooked. 

Epithelia, ciliate, non-ciliate, pavement, col- 
umnar. 

Fat. 

Feathers. 

Foreign substances inhaled. 

Fucidium. 

Fusiform crystals. 

Gemiasma alba. 

Gemiasma rubra. 

Gemiasma verdans. 



30 MORPHOLOGY OF SPUTUM. 

Granular tubercular masses. 

Granular tuberculous matter, so-called, 
sometimes fetid in odor. 

Gravel, crystalline. 

Gravel, granular. 

Gravel, massive. 

Hairs of plants and animals. 

Inelastic lung fibres. 

Ipecac dust. 

Lactic acid alcoholic yeast. 

Lactic acid mother of vinegar. 

Lactic acid vinegar yeast. 

Leptothrix buccalis spores and filaments. 

Leptothrix buccalis heavily loading and 
enormously distending lingual papillae with 
spores and filaments. 

Leptothrix buccalis in epithelia. 

Linen fibre. 

Lumina of blood-vessels. 

Micrococcus spores. 

Microsporon furfur. 

Mucor malignans (diphtheria). 

Mucous cells swarming with the moving 
spores, probably of the leptothrix buccalis ; 
not found in the mouths of healthy infants. 

Mucous corpuscles. 

Mucous corpuscles, caudate and deformed. 

Mucous corpuscles distended with albumin- 
oids. 

Mucous corpuscles distended with crystalline 
and other bodies. 



MORPHOLOGY OF SPUTUM. 3 1 

Mucous corpuscles distended witn cystin or 
giant cells. 

Mucous corpuscles distended with leptothrix. 

Mucous corpuscles distended with melanotic 
matters. 

Mucous corpuscles distended with oxalate of 
lime. 

Mucous corpuscles distended with triple 
phosphates. 

Mucous corpuscles distended with uric acid 
and urates. 

Mucous corpuscles, normal. 

Mucous filaments and fibres. 

Mucus ; normal and ropy and viscid (colloid). 

Muscular fibres of food. 

Mycelial filaments of acetic acid vinegar, and 
lactic acid vinegar yeasts. 

Mycelial filament of fully developed yeasts 
and other fungi. 

Mycoderma aceti, spores and filaments. 

Other crystals whose names have not been 
made out. 

Oxalate of lime. 

Papillae of tongue, usually infiltrated with 
spores of leptothrix. 

Partially carbonized vegetable tissues from 
smoke. 

Phosphate of lime. 

Pigment matters. 

Pitted ducts, etc. 

Portions of feathers of animals and insects. 



32 MORPHOLOGY OF SPUTUM. 

Potato starch. 

Pus-corpuscles. 

Sarcina. 

Silk fibre. 

Skeins of mycelial filaments. 

Special pollens. 

Spirilina splendens (asthma), Salisbury, 1865. 

Spirillum. 

Spores of artemisia absinthium. 

Starch, corn. 

Starch, potato. 

Starch, wheat. 

Swarms of spores. 

The whole lumen of a vein just before end- 
ing in the capillary. 

Tough, ropy mucus. 

Triple phosphates. 

Tubercles. 

Uric acid and urates. 

Uric acid crystals. 

Vegetable tissues. 

Vegetations found in croupal membranes 
(Cutter, 1879). 

Vibriones. 

Vinegar yeast. 

Vinegar yeast and lactic acid vinegar yeast. 

Wheat starch. 

Woody fibres. 

Yeast plants. 

Yeast sporangia, alcoholic and lactic acid. 



III. 
MORPHOLOGY OF FECES. 

SHOWS THE CONDITION OF DIGESTION, 
GOOD, BAD, OR INDIFFERENT, AND SOME 
PATHOLOGICAL STATES. 

MODE OF STUDY. 

Prepare specimens for mailing, in the same 
way as sputum. A good microscope, one inch, 
one-fifth inch objectives, one inch ocular, po- 
larized light. 

Moisten specimen, and place on slide, and 
(if the physician has a fifth-inch objective that 
will focus through a common slide) cover spe- 
cimen with a piece of slide. This is quicker, 
easier, cleaner, and more effective than with 
thin covers. 

Acetic acid yeasts. 

Alcohol. 

Another species of sarcina. 

Bacteria. 

Beard of wheat. 

Beef-red pieces of thickened mucus. 

Black pigment from glands of Lieberkuhn 
and Brunner. 



34 MORPHOLOGY OF FECES. 

Blood. 

Butyric acid yeasts. 

Carbonate of lime. 

Casts of intestinal glands. 

Cholesterin. 

Colloid. 

Colloid matters, resembling ovarian, thyroid, 
and mammary tumors and those of testes. 

Cotton fibre. 

Cream-colored pus. 

Crystals of phosphates, cystin, urates, oxal- 
ates, etc., colored with melanotic matters. 

Crystals of sugar. 

Crystals of triple phosphates. 

Crystals of cystin. 

Crystals, urates, uric acid, etc. 

Different vegetable fibres. 

Eggs of ascarides. 

Eggs of different worms. 

Eggs of taenia. 

Eggs of trichocephalus dispar. 

Epithelium. 

Fat with acicular crystals. 

Fat globules. 

Gelatinous mucus. 

Gluten. 

Granular, amorphous, homogeneous matter, 
normal feces, with triple phosphates. 

Healthy feces are homogeneous, formless, 
like a solid extract. 

Homogeneous fecal matter. 



MORPHOLOGY OF FECES. 35 

Lactic acid yeasts. 

Linen fibre. 

Microcystis and plants allied to them, un- 
named. 

Mucous corpuscles. 

Muscular fibre. 

Mycoderma aceti. 

Oil globules. 

Oils. 

Oxalate of lime. 

Partially cooked and burnt muscular fibres. 

Penicillium. 

Pigmentine, black, etc. 

Remains of animal tissues: 

Connective tissue. 

Striated fibres: striae non-, partially or wholly 
effaced by digestion, etc., etc. 

Remains of vegetable tissues : 

Apples : — Clear, almost transparent sacs of 
thin cellulose. 

Baked beans : — Sacs of thick cellulose con- 
taining starch cells ; when un- or partially 
cooked, they are globular, pyriform, elongated, 
compressed, apparently triangular, sometimes 
reminding of difflugia cratera, sometimes of 
pelomyxae, and so on ; the transparent enve- 
lope of cellulose looks like the clear margin of 
gemiasma verdans, rubra, and plumba found 
in malaria. The thickness of this coat is about 
one-seventeenth of the diameter of the sac. 

The starch cells polarize light or not as they 



36 MORPHOLOGY OF FECES. 

are uncooked or cooked. The cellulose enve- 
lope of the entire bean is made up of layers of 
crystal-like shapes, which are set in rows, their 
internal and external faces appearing very 
much like the tops of the Giant's Causeway 
crystals of traprock. These crystal-like ele- 
ments of cellulose, when un- or partially 
cooked, are but slightly hourglass-shaped, 
but, when thoroughly cooked, appear like dou- 
ble-headed tacks. 

Epithelial cells and areolar tissue of beans 
may also be present. 

Bananas : — Clustered masses of starch grains. 

Cranberries : — Pigment cells of skins. 

Greens : — Spiral ducts in bundles, etc. 

Potatoes : — Cork cells, starch cells, areolar 
tissue. Gubernaculum tissues that lead from 
the eyes to the centre. The starch bundles or 
the starch in homogeneous masses, the pitted 
ducts, the vascular bundles, etc. 

Wheat: beard, outer coats, gluten cells, are- 
olar tissue, etc., etc. 

This is only a very partial list of vegetable 
tissues. I have only indicated a few elements 
in order to show how to go at the study, for 
my own work has led me to distinguish many 
more forms. 

Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 

Sarcina ventriculi. 

Seroline. 

Several species of minute algae. 



MORPHOLOGY OF FECES. ^ 

Shreds of coagulated mucus. 
Sirocoleum. 

Strings of thin folded laminae of coagulated 
mucus. 

Strips of tissues, scourings. 
Sugar. 

Sulphuretted hydrogen vegetations. 
Tarry condition from bile which should have 
been carried out by urinary organs and sweat 
glands (Salisbury). 

Tegument of wheat, cigar coat. 
Tough ropy mucus (colloid). 
Triple phosphates. 
Tubercles. 
Urates. 

Vegetations of putrefactive decomposition. 
Vinegar. 

White coagulated mucus, like folded tissue 
paper. 

White connective fibrous tissues. 
Yeast plants. 
Yeasts : 

Acetic acid. 

Alcoholic. 

Butyric acid. 

Lactic acid. 



IV. 

MORPHOLOGY OF THE SKIN. 

MODE OF STUDY. 

Simply moisten the skin with distilled water 
and rub in with a clean knife blade. Then 
scrape off and place under microscope ; use 
one-fifth inch or one-tenth inch objectives or 
higher as needed, having water enough to 
make a thin clear field ; in studying dirt and 
some of the grosser forms, use lower powers. 

Acarus autumnalis. 

Acarus folliculorum, steatozoon folliculorum. 

Acarus scabeii. 

Acne. 

Adenoid. 

Ague plants. Among these gemiasma alba r 
gemiasma plumba, gemiasma rubra. 

Anabaina subtularia. 

Animal hairs. 

Anthrax vegetations. 

Asthmatos ciliaris. 

Bacteria. 

Blood, free and dried. 

Blue, purple, black pigments. 

Boils, vegetation of. 



MORPHOLOGY OF THE SKIN. 39 

Bots. 
Cancer. 

Carbonate of lime. 
Carbuncle, anthrax. 
Carpet fibres. 
Chloasma. 
Cholesterin. - 
Cimex lectularius. 

Crypta syphilitica (Salisbury) spores and 
filaments. 
Cystin. 

Dermatophyton. 
Dirt. 

Drugs, ipecac, etc. 
Eczema spores. 
Eggs and larvae of insects. 
Eggs of tape-worm. 
Epithelia, normal. 
Epithelia, lactic acid yeast in. 
Epithelia, vinegar yeast in. 
Epithelia with biolysis typhoides. 
Epithelioma. 
Erysipelas vegetations. 
Fat. 

Fatty degeneration. 
Fatty infiltration of muscles. 
Favus, tinea favosa. 
Feathers. 

Fibres of textile products, cotton, linen, wool. 
Fibroid tissues. 
Filaria medinensis. 



40 MORPHOLOGY OF THE SKIN. 

Floor fibres. 

Flour and flour vegetation, as on baker's 
wrists. 

Fungi. 

Fungoid spores and mycelia of unnamed 
plants. 

Germs in epithelial and mucous tissues, 
glands and follicles of eye and other organs. 

Gravel, foreign and native. 

Hairs and vegetations. 

Jiggers. 

Jute. 

Keloid. 

Kerion. 

Lard. 

Leather. 

Leprosy spores. 

Lice. 

Malignant pustule vegetations. 

Measles vegetations. 

Mentagrophyton. 

Microsporon Audouini. 

Microsporon furfur. 

Mosquitoes, parts of. 

Mucor malignans of scarlet fever and diph- 
theria. 

Mucus. 

Mycetoma, Chionyphe Carteri. 

Mycoderma aceti spores and filaments. 

Nails, vegetations and dirt under. 

Oils 



MORPHOLOGY OF THE SKIN. 41 

Onychomycosis, onychia parasitica. 
Oxide of lime. 
Paint lead salts. 
Pediculus capitis. 
Pediculus corporis vel vestimenti. 
Pediculus pubis. 
Phosphates of lime. 
Pigment matters. 
Plant hairs. 

Poisonous plant products. 
Pollen of plants. 

Porrigo scutulata or tinea tonsurans. 
Protococcus monetarius under ends of finger 
nails. 

Pulex or sarcopsylla penetrans, Chigoe. 

Pus. 

Pus decomposing into fat. 

Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 

Salt, chloride of sodium. 

Scald head. 

Scarlet fever vegetations, mucor malignans. 

Scars of pregnancy and fat distention. 

Seborrhoea. 

Secretions of hair and sweat glands. 

Serum. 

Silica. 

Silk. 

Small-pox vegetations. 

Soap. 

Spermatozoa. 

Stains of silver, etc. 



42 MORPHOLOGY OF THE SKIN. 

Starch grains of all kinds. 

Steatozoon folliculorum. 

Stellin. 

Stellurin. 

Sulphate of lime. 

Sweat. 

Syphilodermata. 

The objects found in the morphology of the 
air are to be expected in the morphology of 
the skin. 

Tinea circinata, trichophyton tonsurans. 

Tinea decalvans, microsporon Audouini. 

Tinea favosa, achorion Schonleinii. 

Tinea kerion. 

Tinea sycosis, microsporon mentagraphytes. 

Tinea tarsi, tricophyton. 

Tinea tonsurans, tricophyton. 

Tinea versicolor, microsporon furfur. 

Trichosis caninus (Salisbury). 

Trichosis felinus (Salisbury). 

Triple phosphates. 

Uric acid. 

Vaccinia vegetations. 

Variola vegetations. 

Vegetations from water used in washing. 

Vegetations of animal poisons. 

Vibriones. 

Woody fibre. 

Yeasts growing in epithelia of skin. 

Zinc, oxide of. 



V. 

MORPHOLOGY OF THE URINE. 

It is good to use an inch objective as well as 
a fifth (1-5) inch objective in studying the 
morphology of the urine. The one-inch objec- 
tive at once brings out the casts of kidney 
tubes, prostate gland ducts, spermatic ducts, 
besides the colloid matters that otherwise elude 
search and are, in my opinion, very important 
clinically. 

Urinoscopy is more valuable than the pulse 
in telling the status of the liver, stomach, kid- 
neys, urinary organs, and general systemic 
condition. It should be used daily. The urine 
voided on rising in the morning is the best to 
examine. The chemical examination of the 
urine should go side by side with the mor- 
phology ; neither supersedes the other 

The aim should be to make each patient's 
urine come up to the standard of the urine of 
a healthy infant, nursing a healthy mother's 
breast. This urine is clear, odorless, and free 
from deposit. The cures in the so-called Salis- 
bury plans include an aiming at a conform- 
ity to this standard. It is a mistake for each 



44 MORPHOLOGY OF THE URINE. 

physician not to make his own examina- 
tions of urine almost daily. The urine is very 
sensitive to bad feeding and overdoing in any 
way, and shows them almost as plainly as if it 
said "bad feeding and overdoing" in so many 
words. Lastly, many physicians will not ex- 
amine urine chemically or microscopically, as 
such examinations appear to be too difficult, 
though these men may be masters in the prac- 
tice of medicine ; there is nothing in the present 
knowledge of the urine that any one of moder- 
ate ability may not and should not master, for, 
to repeat, the urine is a source of valuable 
clinical information. 

Accidental foreign bodies. 

Acicular crystals, same as found in ague soils. 

Ague plants, mostly in embryonic forms, 
sometimes mature. 

Amorphous urates. 

Amyloid matter, common. 

Anabaina irregularis. 

Arachnida. 

Asthmatos ciliaris (rare). 

Bacilli. 

Bacteria. 

Blood, red corpuscles. 

Blood, white corpuscles. 

Calculi of urates and phosphates from pelves 
of kidneys or not. 

Cancer cells must not be mistaken for giant 
cells with prolongations sometimes ten times 



MORPHOLOGY OF THE URINE. 45 

their length, and sometimes connecting with 
gubernacula two or more giant mucous cells. 

Carbonate of lime. 

Casts of spermatic ducts, clear or with amy- 
loid, phosphate of lime, triple phosphates, etc. 

Catarrhal discharges from spermatic ducts or 
the prostatic glands : 

(i) Protoplasmic. 

(2) In skeins. 

(3) In Indian clubs. 

These occur together at times ; a supposed 
cause of neurasthenia in men (Cutter). 

Chyme. 

Colloid matter. 

Cotton, wool, bast, linen fibres, indeed any 
form from the morphology of the air may get 
in accidentally. 

Crypta syphilitica spores. 

Cryptococcus xanthogenicus. 

Crystals with radiations formed within cells 
with amoeboid projections. 

Cystin. 

Dirt. 

Dust. 

Eggs of ascarides. 

Eggs of trichocephalus dispar. 

Epithelia invaded by vegetations of scarlet 
fever, diphtheria, typhoid fever, etc., etc. 

Epithelia, pavement and columnar, from 
bladder and vagina. 

Fat in globules. 



46 MORPHOLOGY OF THE URINE. 

Fatty casts of kidney tubes. 

Fatty epithelia from kidneys. 

Fragments of animal and vegetable tissues. 

Giant cells distorted and connected together 
by gubernacula — parent mucous cells, proba- 
bly simulating cancer cells. 

Gemiasma rubra. 

Gravel. 

Hyaline casts of kidney tubes. 

In perfect health, free from deposit or odor, 
like healthy nursing infant's urine. 

Lactic acid yeasts, spores and filaments. 

Mucous cells. 

Mucous fibres and casts from kidneys. 

Mucous filaments. 

Mycelial filaments of mycoderma aceti — 
sometimes mother of vinegar. 

Other algae. 

Oxalate of lime, granular and in dumb-bell. 

Penicillium. 

Phosphates. 

Phosphate of lime. 

Pigment matters. 

Pus cells. 

Putrefactive yeasts in spores and mycelial 
filaments. When these are voided from the 
bladder, in spores single or aggregated, fila- 
ments single or in skeins, I regard it as a 
diseased condition, to be treated as such. 
Have known epilepsy to be caused by them, 
and cured by their removal (Cutter). 



MORPHOLOGY OF THE URINE. 47 

Radiating plants, same as found in ague soils. 
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or alcohol yeasts. 
Spermatozoa, normal. 

With two heads. 

With three heads. 

With two tails. 

With three tails, etc. 

With two heads and two tails. 

With three heads and three tails, etc. 
Sphaerotheca spores and filaments. 
Starch grains. 
Triple phosphates. 
Urates of soda and ammonium. 
Uric acid. 

Vegetations of gonorrhoea. 
Vibriones. 

Waxy casts of kidney tubes. 
Yeasts. 
Zoogloea forms. 



VI. 



THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE 
VOMITUS. 

Any object of the morphology of foods. 
Bile. 
Blood. 

Butyric acid fermentative vegetations. 
Cancerous matters. 
Chyme. 

Coagulated food. 
Colloid. 

Cryptococcus xanthogenicus. 
Epithelia. 

Food partly digested. 
Lactic acid yeasts. 
Morphology of feces, rare. 
Mucous corpuscles. 
Mucus. 

Mycoderma aceti. 
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 
Sarcina ventriculi. 
Slime. 

Sometimes yeast plants form a coating on 
oesophagus, discharged as a membrane. 



S* 



VII. 

MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
a. waters of lakes, ponds, and water 

sheds; hydrant waters. * 

Morphology of animals, plants and other 
substances found in hydrant waters and pond 
waters, such as are used for drinking purposes. 

The list is very incomplete, as more than half 
of the objects found have no names (Professor 
Paulus F. Reinsch, Erlangen, Ger.). 

Over thirty hydrant waters of cities and 
towns were studied. Among these were those 
of Albany, Brooklyn and New York, New 
York ; Arlington, Boston, Cambridge, Charles- 
town, Haverhill, Charles River, Jamaica Pond 
Boston, Lynn, Maiden, Salem, Springfield, 
Winchester, Woburn, Worcester, Wellesley 
Hotel, Massachusetts ; Philadelphia, Penn. ; 
Hartford and New Haven, Connecticut ; Chi- 
cago, Illinois; Washington, D. C; Dover, 
New Hampshire; Baltimore, Maryland; Cleve- 
land, Ohio ; Richmond, Va. Besides ponds in 
Amherst, Falmouth, Natick, Holbrook, Wake- 

* See page 81 for mode of examination. 



5o 



MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 



field, West Falmouth, Wellesley, Massachu- 
setts ; East Greenwich, Rhode Island, and 
North Turner, Maine. 



LIST. 

A beautiful entomostraca, like the branchippus 
stagnalis. (Croton.) 

A delicate animal which looks like a snail, and yet 
without the terminal of the spiral. It is beautifully 
transparent, so that the motion of the heart is more 
apparent than in the following. (Croton.) 

A magnificent animal composed of a hyaline sac 
open at one end. Transparent. Mouth provided 
with cilia, which are inverted completely within the 
body at will. The viscera are held together byguber- 
nacula just outlined enough to be visible. These con- 
tract, and keep the viscera moving to and from the 
mouth ; specimen name unknown to me ; have found 
it only in the Croton. 



Abundant mycelial fungus, 

filaments. 
Acineta tuberosa. 
Acropherus. 
Actinosphericum Eichor- 

nii. 
Actinodiscus. 
Actinophrys sol. 
Alcyonella. 
Alonia. 
Amblyophis. 
Amoeba proteus. 
Amoeba radiosa. 



Amoeba verrucosa. 

Amphiprora alata. 

Anabaina circinalis. 

Anabaina subtularia. 

Anguillula fluviatilis. 

Ankistrodesmus falcatus. 

Ankistrodesmus unicornis. 

Anurea longispinis. 

Anurea monostylus with 
ovary one-half the dia- 
meter of its own body. 

Anurea stipitata. 

Aptogonum. 



HYDRANT AND POND WATERS. 



51 



Arachnida. 

Arcella mitrata. 

Arcella vulgaris. 

Argulus. 

Arthrodesmus convergens. 

Arthrodesmus divergens. 

Arthronema. 

Astrionella formosa. 

Bacteria. 

Bosmina. 

Botryococcus. 

Branchippus stagnalis. 

Bursaria. 

Campanularia. 

Campascus carnutus. 

Carapace of a monostyled 
rotifer, occupied by a 
parasitic mother cell 
with protoplasmic con- 
tents in very active mo- 
tion. (Croton.) 

Castor. 

Centropyxis. 

Centropyxis acuelata. 

Chetochilis. 

Chilomonas. 

Chlorococcus. 

Chlorogonium. 

Chroococcus chalybeus. 

Chydorus. 

Chytridium. 

Cladophora. 

Clathrocystis aeruginosa. 

Closterium didymotocum. 



Closterium lunula. 

Closterium moniliferum. 

Cochliopodium bilimbo- 
sum (Harriman). 

Ccelastrum sphericum. 

Confervoideae. 

Cosmarium binoculatum. 

Cosmarium crenatum. 

Cosmarium tetrophthal- 
mum. 

Cosmarium margariti- 

ferum. 

Cristatella mucedo. 

Cyclops quadricauda. 

Cyclops quadricornis. 

Cyphroderia ampulla. 

Cypris tristriata. 

Daphnia pulex. 

Desmidium. 

Desmidiaceae. 

Diaptomas castor. 

Diaptomas castor with sa- 
prolegnia attached. 

Diaptomas, new species. 

Diatoma vulgaris. 

Didymocladon. 

Difflugia cratera. 

Difflugia globosa. 

Difflugia lobestoma (Har- 
riman). 

Difflugia pyriformis. 

Dinobryina sertularia. 

Dinocharis pocillum. 

Dirt. 



52 



MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 



Docidium. 

Eggs of bryozoa. 

Eggs of entomostraca. 

Eggs of plumatella. 

Eggs of polyp. 

Empty shell of arcella. 

Enchylis pupa. 

Enteromorpha clathrata. 

Eosphora aurita. 

Epithelia, animal. 

Epithelia, vegetable. 

Eradne Nordmanni. 

Euastrum. 

Euglenia viridis. 

Euglypha. 

Eurycercus lamellatus. 

Exuvia of some insects. 

Feather barbs. 

Fish scales. 

Floscularia. 

Fragillaria. 

Fungi. 

Fungus, red water. 

Gammarus pulex. 

Gemiasma verdans. 

Globar rotifer. 

Gomphospheria. 

Gonium. 

Grammatophora. 

Gregarina ssenuridis. 

Gromia. 

Hairs of plants. 

Hairs of various animals. 

Heleopera picta. 



Holophrya brunnea. 
Humus. 

Hyalosphenia tincta. 
Hyalosphenia formosa. 
Hyalotheca. 

Hyamodiscus rubicundus. 
Hydra vulgaris. 
Hydra viridis. 
Infusoria. 
Insect scales. 
Lacinularia. 
Lacinularia socialis. 
Leaves and parts of leaves. 
Leptothrix. 
Leucophrys patula. 
Licomophora. 
Lyngbya. 

Masses of sponge paren- 
chyma decomposing. 
Melosira. 
Meresmopedia. 
Micrasterias digitata. 
Micrasterias denticulata. 
Micrasterias rotata. 
Microcoleus. 
Milnesium tardigradum. 
Monactinus octenarius. 
Monactinus duodenarius. 
Monads. 

Mycoderma aceti. 
Navicula amphirynchus. 
Navicula cuspidata. 
Nebalia bipes. 
Nitzschia. 



HYDRANT AND POND WATERS, 



53 



Nostoc communis. 

Notodelphys 

Oedogonium. 

Oscillatoriaceae. 

Ovaries of entomostraca. 

Palmellae. 

Pamphagus mutabilis. 

Pandorina morum. 

Paramecium aurelium. 

Pediastrum boryanum. 

Pediastrium incisum. 

Pediastrium perforatum. 

Pediastrum pertusum. 

Pediastrum quadratum. 

Pediastrum tetras. 

Pelomyxa. 

Penium. 

Peridinium candelabrum. 

Peridinium cinctum. 

Phacus. 

Plagiophrys. 

Plagiotoma lumbrici. 

Pleurosigma angulatum. 

Plumatella. 

Pollen of pine. 

Polyartha platyptera. 

Polycoccus. 

Polyhedra tetraetica. 

Polyhedra triangularis. 

Polyhedrium. 

Polyphema. 

Polyphemus pediculus. 

Protococcus. 

Protococcus viridis. 



Radiolaria. 

Radiophrys alba. 

Raphidium duplex. 

Rotifer ascus. 

Rotifer vulgaris. 

Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 

Saprolegnia. 

Sarcina. 

Scales of butterfly. 

Scaridium longicaudum. 

Scenedesmus acutus. 

Scenedesmus obliquus. 

Scenedesmus obtusum. 

Scenedesmus quadricauda. 

Setigera. 

Sheath of tubularia. 

Silica. 

Sphaerotheca spores. 

Spicules of sponge. 

Spirogyra. 

Sponges. 

Starch. 

Staurastrum dejectum. 

Staurastrum furcigerum. 

Staurastrum gracile. 

Staurastrum margaritace- 

um. 
Staurogenia quadrata. 
Stephanocerus. 
Stephanodiscus niagarae. 
Spiral tissue, eta 
Spirotaenia. 
Stentor. 
Surirella bifrons. 



54 



MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 



Surirella gemma. 

Synchoeta. 

Synhedra. 

Synhedra splendens and 
many other diatoms too 
numerous to name. 

Tabellaria. 

Tetmemorus granulatus. 

Tetraspore. 

Trachelomonas. 

Triceratium favus. 

Trichodiscus. 

Tryblionella Scutellaria. 

Ulothrix mucosa. 



Urococcus. 

Urostyla. 

Uvella. 

Vegetable fibres. 

Volvox ccenochilus. 

Volvox globator. 

Volvox, new species. 

Vorticel. 

Wheat starch grains, etc. 

Worm fluke. 

Worm, two tailed. 

Xanthidium. 

Yeast. 



APPENDIX. 



The bad taste in Cochituate, cause of, discovered in 
1879, an d m Croton water, discovered in 1 881, to be 
due to the presence of spongilla fluviatilis and lacus- 
tris and the pelomyxas. 

The following facts are adduced in support of this 
belief : 

1. Spicules of sponge were very abundant in the 
Croton during the time of bad taste. These spicules 
are most elegant forms of silica that will not polarize 
light. They are of various shapes. The most com- 
mon one is that of a boomerang shape, exquisitely 
pointed at both ends, and polished like steel. An- 
other common form in the Croton is shaped like an 
old-fashioned two-tined fork such as is used in a pork 
barrel. Some are like the little stand used on the 
dining-room tables to keep the blade of the carving 



HYDRANT AND POND WATERS. 55 

knife off the cloth, etc., etc. Now, this sponge itself 
is made up of a jelly-like substance, or sarcode proto- 
plasm. When the animal dies, the sponge jelly or pro- 
toplasm is dissolved in the water, and goes through all 
filtering apparatus. For example, in Woburn, Mass., 
the hydrant water is taken from a gallery by the side 
of Horn Pond. Though this water is clear as crys- 
tal, if the nostrils be placed over a goblet of it, only a 
few sniffs are necessary to perceive the peculiar earthy 
smell, though the sense of taste detects nothing wrong. 
(Parenthetically, a firm brought suit against this town 
for loss of water power by the use of this spring for 
drinking purposes. My testimony, that the two wa- 
ters were identical by morphological examination, 
helped the case for those suing for damages.) 

Now an abundance of spicules shows an abundance 
of sponges. When Professor Reinsch and myself 
were studying the Cochituate water, it was a great 
problem to find the sponges from whence these spi- 
cules came. It always seemed to me that the minute 
spongilli, as found on the rocks of the bottom of 
ponds, did not adequately explain the presence of the 
sponge spicules, so I kept watching for them, and was 
rewarded in 1879. 

2. I found in Charles River (Mass.) a fresh-water 
sponge that was as thick as my little finger, and be- 
tween three and four feet long in linear measure- 
ment. Also a clustered mass of sponges in the same 
river large enough to fill a two-bushel basket. 

Officials connected with the Boston Water Works 
have informed me that they have seen like collections 
of sponges in the sources of the Cochituate water. 
From finding the spicules so abundant in the Croton, 
I inferred that there is an abundance of the same 
sponges in the sources of the Croton water supply. 



56 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 

3. A portion of the Charles River sponge kept over 
night in a tumbler, in my room at the Wellesley Ho- 
tel, stank, in an exaggerated measure, to be sure, as 
the filter stank after filtering the Croton water, winter 
of 1880-81. 

4. About January, 1881, Dr. Harriman, of Boston, 
my associate, and myself found portions of dead and 
decaying sponges in the Cochituate, they not having 
been dissolved. Some of the spicules were actually 
sticking out of the mass. The Cochituate had as bad 
a taste, and worse, than the Croton at that time. 

5. As said before, the great mass of the dead 
sponges are soluble in water, and go through all filters. 

It seems to me reasonable to partly attribute the 
taste and smell to which allusion has been made, to the 
presence of sponges. They die and dissolve in the 
water, and were it not for the tremendous draft on 
the supply, would, no doubt, be all disposed of by the 
plants and scavengers living in the water. I am aware 
there are some difficulties in the way of this explana- 
tion, from the fact that we find sponge spicules at all 
seasons of the year, and why, then, should not the 
taste be bad all the time ? In reply to this, I refer to 
the abundance of the spicules being greater at the 
time of the worst taste. I would not be understood 
as claiming that the dead sponges are the sole cause of 
this taste, as there are a great many rhizopods (root- 
footed animals) in the water that die also. They are 
protoplasmic, like the sponges. They die, but leave 
more solid remains than the sponges. Dr. Har- 
riman and myself have noticed especially the pelo- 
myxas (pelos, mud, and mukos, mucus) animals made 
up of a jelly-like protoplasm, that are very greedy. 
They are figured in Dr. Leidy's magnificent work on 
the rhizopods, issued by the U. S. government. We 



HYDRANT AND POND WATERS. 57 

ihave found them very abundant in the Cochituate and 
the Croton when this bad taste was most palpable. 
Now as to the question whether the drinking of water 
impregnated with dead sponges is healthy. I am sure 
no one would have wished to drink the water I had in 
my room at Wellesley, fetid with dead sponge ; but as 
to the Croton, the chemists decide, I understand, that 
the drinking of dead sponges and pelomyxas is not 
and cannot be a cause of disease. Now the dicta of 
the chemist must be respected, as we have said, and 
always shall say ; but when it comes to a question so 
subtle as the causes of disease, as a physician I should 
hesitate before I pronounced definitely on the question, 
for the reason that there is such a great difference in 
people as to food. Some people will eat food with 
impunity that in other cases acts as a poison to others. 
Again, the question of the causes of disease is by no 
means settled, and it will be a long time before there 
is an agreement. For example, take consumption. 
I believe in the Salisbury plan, that it is a disease pri- 
marily of the blood, caused by the vinegar yeast. 
Though this view is supported by the synthesis of the 
disease in hundreds of healthy animals killed by feed- 
ing on yeast plants, and the disease verified by exami- 
nations after death, by micro-photography of the 
forms in the blood, and by the cure of a large number 
of persons, still very few of the profession have re- 
ceived this view, and have expressed no opinion about 
it. So that supposing, for example, the question 
should be raised, if the dead sponges in the Croton 
water could cause consumption by introducing the 
vegetations of decomposition into the human system, 
I think a chemist would shrink back from it into his 
laboratory, as it would be so difficult, in the present 



58 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 

state of knowledge in the medical profession, to have 
the expression of a decided opinion. 

How does the chemist know that dead sponges 
do not cause disease ? Diseases do exist, but their aetiol- 
ogy is not found in the books of chemistry. 

As a physician, I say that the question is still sub 
judice. To solve it will require the combined action 
of the zoologist, the botanist, the pathologist, and the 
practical physician. "But," you say, "we cannot wait 
for this ; what shall we do until the question is de- 
cided?" If a reply is forced, I should say it would 
be a very sensible precaution to filter and boil the 
water when it tastes badly. The labors of Professor 
Reinsch have proved that cotton is king as a filter. 
This royal gift is common everywhere. 



B. WATERS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS, UNCON- 
NECTED WITH PONDS OR LAKES. 

Spring Water from the Farm of Mr. George 
Plum, Mantua, Ohio. 

Bacteria. 

Diatoma vulgaris. 

Epithelia from vegetables and animals. 
Feather. 
Linen fibre. 

Mass of vegetable cells, probably of some 
berry. 

Protococcus. 
Silica or sand. 
Small masses of dirt. 



WATERS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 59 

Sphaerotheca, a fungus spore. 

Starch. 

Woody fibre. 

Fitchburg Gas Company s JVater, Specimen 
Furnished by Miss E. IV. Beam, Teacher, 
July 16th, 1881. 

Bacteria, few. 

Cotton fibres. 

Epithelial cells. 

Leptothrix. 

Linen fibres. 

Mycelial filaments of a small water fungus. 

Tabellaria. 

This water has a high local reputation, and 
if the present morphological examination is 
verified by several more examinations, it must 
sustain a very high, if not the highest, reputa- 
tion as a drinking water for the public. Here 
the work of filtering is done by the everlasting 
hills. It is an instance where the nearest ap- 
proach to perfection in filtering is seen, provided 
the specimen sent is an average sample. 

JVater from Iron Tube Driven IVell, IVest 
Falmouth, Mass. My own, 

A few bacteria. 
Oil globules. 
Particles of dirt. 



60 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 

Pavement epithelia from human skin, prob- 
ably came from the contact of a sewer's fingers 
who made the cotton filter. 

Scales of oxide of iron. 

Starch grains of wheat, that may have come 
from the new cotton-cloth filter used. 

Epithelia made up most of the organic 
forms. The white cotton filter was stained red 
with the iron. Depth of well, fourteen feet. 
Soil, sandy. Location, within a hundred feet of 
the shore of Buzzard's Bay. Water saltish, but 
very cool and palatable. Supply, unfailing. 
It looks well to the eye. 



IV. A. Howland 's JVeh, same place, Tubular. 

Epithelia. 

Large vegetable cell, transparent and sur- 
rounded by a flat ring. 

Ditto, reminding of a cell of orange pulp. 

Little dirt. 

Mycelial filaments. 

Oil globules. 

Organic globule. 

Starch. 

This is nice water, and has agreeable effects 
on all the senses. It is down in the cellar of 
the house, and is about fourteen feet deep. 



WATERS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 6 1 



JVater from Capt. Hoxie s Well; Has a Dead 
Animal Taste. 

Bacteria, abundant. 

Dirt, very abundant. 

Epithelia in large collections. 

Feathers. 

Leather from new valve of pump. 

Mass of decaying animal matter; dangerous 
water. 

Monad, alive. 

Mycelial filaments of yeast. 

Organic globule, unknown. 

Oxalate of lime crystal. 

Silica. 

Starch. 

This was a common well, quite deep, and 
large enough for a man to get into. Comes 
through a lead pipe. Family sick and feeble. 

The most striking result is the comparatively 
small presence in the springs and wells, namely, 
of organic forms of life as compared with the 
ordinary ditch, pool, or pond water. Still the 
fungi found may be more deleterious to health 
than all the forms in Croton, for example. 
This is what we are searching for. A member 
of the family using the well of Capt. Hoxie has 
had the pretubercular stage of consumption, as 
shown by physical micrographical explorations. 
Also his sputa, urine, and feces have been 



6 2 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 

obstinately loaded with vegetation till lately. 
We are inclined to think this water has had 
something to do with it, and it will be pro- 
hibited. The sputa and kidney secretions kept 
for a day would be disgustingly fetid, while 
both would be loaded with vegetation, excretal. 
I never had so obstinate a case before. Neither 
diet, sulphur bathing, salicin, or quinine seemed 
to affect the abundance of the vegetation until 
after three months. Only after the inhalation of 
liquid ozone, of Parke, Davis & Co., of Detroit, 
did the vegetative solids disappear, but I have no 
doubt they would reappear if the use of this water 
is continued. I have never met with such an 
obstinate case (epileptic, etc.) under the use of 
hydrant drinking waters. Have had one case 
where the urine was loaded with vegetation as 
it left the body. This was a Croton-water 
drinker, but diet alone speedily removed the 
vegetation. 



Water from the well of the late J. F. Davis, 
IV. Falmouth, Mass. 

Bacteria. 

Cotton and wool. 

Dirt, abundant. 

Epithelia, in abundance. 

Fungus, spores, ditto, sprouting. 

Leptothrix. 



ICE. 63 

Mycelial filaments very abundant on cul- 
ture twenty-four hours. 

Woody fibres. 

It was said that the chemist's examination 
pronounced this well w 7 ater perfectly pure. 
We are not prepared to say that they, the 
fungi, caused the sickness in question, but un- 
hesitatingly advised the disusing of the water, 
for, as Dr. Harriman, my associate, said, "this 
abundant presence of fungi shows the presence 
of animal matter. At the same time the result 
shows the truth of the positions maintained 
here, that chemical exploration alone is in- 
sufficient for the examination of potable water." 



c. ICE.* 



MODES OF STUDY. 

1. A clean bag, one inch by four inches, 
made of cotton cloth, was tied to the escape 
pipe of a refrigerator, zinc lined, shelf at top, 
that had been washed and cleansed with fil- 
tered water. The filtrate of from thirty to 
forty pounds of ice was collected by inverting 
the detached bag into a clean goblet, then sop- 
ping the inverted bag in the filtrate, and wring- 
ing the bag also. 

2. A common silver ice pitcher, porcelain 
lined, was cleaned with filtered Croton water and 

* See Scientific American of July 29th, 1882. 



6 4 



MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 



filled with broken ice, source unknown, clear r 
compact, solid, diaphanous, and pure looking.. 
This was allowed to melt, and one quart of 
water resulted, and was filtered as before. 

Power of microscope, one-fifth inch objec- 
tive. Eye-piece, one inch and half-inch, 350- 
diameters. 

Many of the following list come from the 
air ; perhaps half. Some of the specimens of 
ice came from ice wagons ; one from a provi- 
sion store. This is, of course, a partial list. 

Acanthodinium, with clus- Closterium. 

ters of twelve spiral Closterium lunare, dead- 
cells separated in all di- Closterium, young. 



rections. 


Coal. 


Actinophrys sol. 


Coelastrum sphericum. 


Alcohol yeast. 


Collection of liber fibres.. 


Amoeba, alive. 


Cotton fibre. 


Anuroea monostylus. 


Corn starch. 


Ascus. 


Cryptomonas lenticularis. 


Astrionella formosa. 


Daphne claws. 


Bacillaria diatom. 


Dark-red organic un- 


Bacteria. 


known body. 


Bast fibres. 


Decaying leaves. 


Botridium cells. 


Desmid, penium. 


Broken down tegument 


Diatoma, not named. 


and substance of leaves. 


Diatoma vulgaris. 


Bryozoa, egg of. 


Diatomaceae, other. 


Carbon. 


Difflugia. 


Chitin. 


Difflugia, dead, several 


Chlorococcus. 


varieties. 


Claw of water spider. 


Difflugia globosa. 


Claws of insects. 


Difflugia, unusual. 



ICE. 



65 



Dinobryina sertularia. 

Dirt, debris, etc. 

Dust and excrementitious 

matters. 
Egg of the fresh water 
polyzoa named below, 
unhatched. 
Eggs of entomostraca. 
Epidermis of wheat. 
Epilobium montanum 

pollen. 
Epithelia, animal and ve- 
getable. 
Epithelial scales, human. 
Euglenia viridis. 
Euglypha. 
Euglypha cristata. 
Exuvium. 
Feather barb. 
Fibre of wool colored 

blue. 
Fish scales. 

Foot stalks of vorticells, 
twenty-five in number. 
Fungi and spores. 
Fungus filament. 
Gemiasma verdans. 
Gluten cells, wheat. 
Gromia. 
Hairs of plants. 
Hairs of various animals. 
Humus. 

Large double body, prob- 
ably eggs, but possibly 
vegetable. 



Large masses of decaying 

vegetable substances. 
Large paramecia. 
Leaves of moss. 
Leptothrix. 
Liber fibres. 

Linen fibre imbedded in a 
mass of decaying vege- 
table substance. 
Linen fibres. 
Lyngbya. 
Mass of carbon. 
Melosira. 
Membrum. disjectum of a 

large entomostraca. 
Monads. 

Mycelial filaments, abun- 
dant. 
Mycelial filaments, collec- 
tion of. 
Mycelial filaments of red 

water fungus. 
Navicula. 
Nebalia. 
Nostoc. 
Onegonidiaof ccelastrum 

sphericum. 
Oscillatoria. 
Parenchyma of leaf. 
Parenchyma of wheat. 
Pavement epithelia, five 

specimens. 
Pediastrum boryanum. 
Pelomyxas, other. 
Peridinium cinctum. 



66 



MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 



Peridinium spiniferum. 
Piece of a red cranberry 

skin. 
Pitted duct?. 
Polyzoa. 

Portion of a leaf with 
chlorophyll attached, 
color unchanged. 
Portion of a red water 

fungus. 
Potato starch. 
Protococcus. 

Protococcus, probably ge- 
nii asm a. 
Rotifer. 

Scenedesmus obliquus. 
Scenedesmus quadricauda. 
Shell of a Cyprus. 
Silica. 
Silk fibre. 
Skeleton of leaves. 
Sphoerotheca fungus. 
Spiral tissues of leaf. 
Starch of corn, wheat, and 
potato. 



Staurastrum. 

Supposed egg of an ento- 

mostraca. 
Tabellaria. 
Tetraspore. 
Trachelomonas. 
Transverse woody fibre. 
Vegetable epithelial col- 
lection. 
Vegetable hair, long. 
Vegetable hairs. 
Vorticell, dead. 
Vorticella, two joined to- 
gether. 
Wheat gluten cells. 
Wheat starch. 
Wood fibre of various 

kinds. 
Wool. 
Worm. 
Yeast, alcohol, vinegar, 

and lactic acid. 
Yeast, vegetating fila- 
ments. 



Ice from Horn Pond, Woburn, Mass. This pre- 
sented considerable lightish colored deposit, in which 
a few animal and vegetable forms were found, but was 
mainly made up of epithelia and amorphous dirt. 
The result was unexpected, as unfiltered Horn Pond 
water is rich in forms of life. 



ICE. 67 



APPENDIX. 

In this article of mine in the Scientific American, 
as before noted, there were illustrations to the number 
of eight. I give, as follows, some of the descriptive 
text of those illustrations : 

Yeast. — This is the alcohol yeast of the yeast pot, 
torula cerevisise, the spores of which are everywhere 
present, ready to germinate if they have the opportu- 
nity. Its presence in ice is interesting. 

Bacteria. — These are minute, self-moving protoplas- 
mic bodies. Some regard them as ultimate forms of 
life ; others that they are but the embryonal forms, 
seeds, or babies (as it were) of a vegetation, yet capa- 
ble of immense reproduction by division, arranging 
themselves into masses, chains, etc., at will. In order 
to know what plants they belong to, culture is neces- 
sary. It is possible that those in the cut may be the 
spores or seeds of the yeast plants, but it cannot be 
said with certainty. 

Pelomyxa.— This means " mud mucus." It is an 
animal classed with the rhizopod or root-footed pro- 
toplasmic animals. They are very greedy, and eat 
much mud or dirt. The color in this case is dark am- 
ber, and may be mistaken for decaying vegetable mat- 
ter. The writer regards them with suspicion, as con- 
tributing, when dead and decaying, to cause the 
" cucumber " and fish-oil taste that sometimes occurs 
in hydrant drinking waters, notably the Cochituate. 

Portions of Difflugia. — These are like the pelomyxae, 
Only they have the property of building over them- 
selves a covering made of particles of sand, glued to- 
gether so as to protect their structural protoplasmic 



68 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 

bodies. Lately, the writer saw a difflugia cratera r 
whose shell had been broken on one side. The cilia 
that were usually seen at the natural opening were 
seen to be active at the artificial opening. The con- 
tour of the hole changed under view from circular to 
a narrower one, forming a segment of the first, show- 
ing an action of repair ; suddenly there was a gush of 
protoplasmic jelly, and the animal was dead, dying in 
its efforts of reconstruction. 

Mycelial filaments of a red fungus, found commonly 
in Horn Pond, Woburn, Mass. Also at Cambridge. 
Name not known to writer, nor Prof. Reinsch. 

A curious dark-red tubular body, fragments of which 
I have often seen in hydrant drinking waters. Its 
fracture is glassy. It is an animal substance probably, 
and this is the best specimen I have seen. 

Trachelomonas. — These are by Ehrenberg claimed 
as infusoria. They are very abundant in hydrant 
waters at all seasons of the year. The specimen here 
is dead, but the living individual moves its curious 
long flagelliform filament, by means of which it 
gracefully propels itself in any direction at will. 

Astrionella Formosa. — A beautiful, very common 
diatom, that arranges itself into forms like the spokes 
of a wheel. Three spokes only are given here ; usu- 
ally twelve. This power of self-symmetrical arrange- 
ment is surprising and mysterious. 

Bast or Linen Fibre. — This probably came from 
some table cloth, towel, or clothing. 

An ascus or theca of a fungus, which is a part of 
a fructification of the fungus, and also found in 
lichens. It is strikingly well-developed. 

Epithelia, probably animal. — These are suspicious 
organisms. See New York Medical Record, April 
8th, 1882. 



ICE. 69 

Egg of a bryozoa or polyzoa, found not unfre- 
-quently in the drinking waters of our cities and towns. 
It corresponds to the " winter egg" of entomostraca. 
It forms one of the four modes of reproduction, which 
Smith distinguishes : First. Eggs from spermatozoa. 
Second. From internal development (this very one). 
Third. External buds. Fourth. Brown bodies in 
empty eggs. This particular egg is seen to have an 
oval opening, whence the contents have been hatched 
or destroyed. It has been traced to a single polyp. 
Usually the animals live in a colony, and are met with 
in fresh water on stones, sticks, sides of flumes, and 
free. I have seen colonies of these bryozoa in masses 
as bio- as a bushel basket, hanging on and covering the 
perpendicular boards of a flume. In the present case, 
the egg is nearly as la r ge as the animal in a state of 
rest. Its detection shows decidedly the presence of 
animal life in ice. 

Dirt is hard to picture, but should have a place in 
this morphology, though it has been defined as " mat- 
ter out of place." 

Tabellaria. — Diatom found commonly in all sur- 
face drinking waters. They have the power to arrange 
in rows, and the specimen has fifteen individuals in 
one aggregation, which is a small one. Diatoms are 
regarded as plants by the majority of observers. A 
good deal of difficulty arises from trying to measure 
things with the lines and plummets of past times, 
when the things in question were absolutely unknown, 
and hence could not be properly named at the date 
when the word " plant" was invented. As knowledge 
increases, names must be changed. The diatoms are 
generally regarded as innocent, though some observ- 
ers take the opposite ground. 

Epithelia. — These are probably human, washed into 



70 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 

the water, and frozen into the ice. They are con- 
stantly thrown off in washing, sputa, and the excre- 
tions of the body. They are also found on all other 
vertebrate animals and on vegetables. 

" Mycelial filaments of a vinegar yeast found in con- 
nection with melting ice. At the bottom are the em- 
bryonal spores of the yeast." — Scientific American, p. 
73, col. 2. 

This shows what happens when ice-water is allowed 
to stand exposed to the action of the air. A long, 
dirty, grayish, gelatinous ribbon, half an inch wide and 
about one-eighth inch thick, appeared to be a mass of 
what is called "the mother of vinegar." The cut gave 
the appearances under the microscope. The signifi- 
cance shows what is the full development of some of 
the embryonal forms of life found in ice-water when 
subjected to conditions that are present in refrigera- 
tors. 

It must be remembered that these are not the full 
lists of what were examined. Some could not be 
named. Neither can it be said here that it has been 
settled that ice is injurious or not. But enough testi 
mony is here given to indicate that ice should not be 
used in water ; but if the water must be cooled, let it 
be done by placing jars of water in ice. 



D. AIR. 

The idea that air is food is found in Hindu- 
stanee language of three thousand years ago. 
The word animal infers air to sustain life. If 
any one doubts this position as to air being 
food, let him hold his breath for five minutes. 



AIR. 71 

There are many ways to study this mor- 
phology, among which are : 

1. Moisten the cleaned tip of one's finger 
with distilled or filtered water, or water whose 
morphology is known, then touch it to the top 
of some article of furniture. Instantly the tip 
will be covered with dust or forms that have 
mounted through the air to rest where found. 
This dust can be transferred to a slide, covered, 
and examined. I think this the quickest and 
easiest mode. 

2. Ice. Let a piece of ice melt in the air to 
be examined. Instantly there is a current of 
air towards it bearing the forms against the 
moist surface of the ice ; they stick, and can be 
removed on to a slide, covered, and examined 
under the microscope. Or, the ice may be 
allowed to melt in a vessel, and the resultant 
water explored as in water examinations. 

3. Exposure of slides moistened with glycerin 
or not, with or without a cone attached to a 
vane, so that the air impinges on the slide. 

4. Air may be filtered through a cotton bag, 
and then the bag reversed and washed in fil- 
tered water. 

5. A slide may be placed on a flat surface, or 
on pins or legs, so as to catch the forms that 
fall or that are forced from below, as in ague 
districts. 

6. Snow may be taken in a can or pail, or 
any receptacle that has been cleaned with dis- 



J2 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 

tilled or filtered water. The snow allowed to 
melt, and the water filtered ; the filtrate will be 
found to contain many forms. 

It is astonishing how the air in motion will 
carry solids. In San Francisco, I saw sand 
from the Pacific Ocean dried and blown in such 
quantities as to go over houses and bury street 
lamps. I have read of moving mountains of 
sand. Perhaps the writer may say that he 
writes on the eighth floor of a large apartment 
house, where he expected to be free from the 
dust which annoyed him at a past residence on 
the second floor, but the fact is, his microscope 
glass table is covered in one day as much as 
in three at the former residence. Such facts 
deserve attention of those who study malaria, 
and such must expect to find the morphology 
of the air mixed with the other morphologies ; 
still it will not do to attribute to the air things 
that belong to other morphologies. The carry- 
ing properties of air are underestimated by 
people not housekeepers. 

The morphological study of the air prepares 
one to be careful in rejecting evidence which 
shows the route of invasion of diseases by the 
medium of the atmosphere through the air 
passages. 

Ague plants. 

Algae. 

All dusts from soils. 

Anything that comes from the wear and tear 



AIR. y^ 

of the multitudinous operations of life every- 
where, whether dried and blown by currents of 
wind, or by heat, or diffusion of gases. 

Asthmatos ciliaris. 

Automobile spores. 

Bi-acicular crystals, etc. 

Coal. 

Cotton. 

Crystals of chloride of ammonium. 

Diatoms. 

Epithelia. 

Fat globules. 

Feathers of birds and insects. 

Fungi spores and macrospores. 

Hairs of animals and plants. 

Insects and parts of insects. 

Leather. 

Linen fibre. 

Palmellae. 

Paper. 

Pigment matters. 

Pollens of plants. 

Pus. 

Silica. 

Smoke products. 

Sphaerotheca pyrus. 

Spores and young plants of: 
Protuberans gelatiformis. 
Protuberans lamella. 

Protuberans ovalis, with dried incrusta- 
tions of the same. 



74 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 

Spores of cryptogamic vegetations of the 
sick carried by the sweat. 

Starches. 

Vibriones. 

Volcanic dust. 

Winged seeds, etc. 

Woody fibre. 

Wool. 

Yeast spores, alcoholic, lactic acid, butyric 
acid, etc. 

Zoospores 

E. MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS, ANIMAL AND 
VEGETABLE. 

The limits of this work having been ex- 
ceeded, only a passing allusion can be made to 
this large, fruitful and important field, which is 
close at hand, easily manipulated and intensely 
interesting and profitable. There are four 
phases in which the morphology should be 
studied. 

i. Uncooked. 

2. Cooked. 

3. After migration through the alimentary 
canal. 

4. Adulterations. 

1. UNCOOKED. 

Forjexample, take the potato ; its skin, cortical 
substance and parenchyma should be studied in 



ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE. 75 

thin sections, and all the forms noted, whether 
the names are known or not. Among these 
are the epithelia, cork cells, connective fibrous 
tissues, spiral tissue, pitted ducts, gubernacula 
leading from the " eyes" to the centre of the 
parenchyma, the reticulation of a cross section, 
the starch grains filling such a section, as eggs 
in a basket, the various sizes, shapes, concen- 
tric markings of the starch grains, the action of 
the polarized light on the starch and cellulose, 
etc., etc. 

2. COOKED. 

By boiling, steaming, or action of hot fat. 
See if the starch polarizes the light ; if so, the 
potato is not fully cooked. See the sacs of the 
potato substance embracing the starch grains, 
which, if well cooked, should be converted into 
a homogeneous mass all mixed up together, 
with no sign of the uncooked egg-shaped 
forms they had before cooking. 



3. EXAMINED IN THE FECES 

Of the eater ; if any of the sacs are found, 
that have not been digested, the clinical exam- 
iner must study to find out if the fault lies 
with the alimentary canal, which has allowed the 
potato sacs to traverse it undigested. If the 
contents of the sacs are not broken up or homo- 
geneous, and do not polarize light, the fault 



76 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 

must lie with the digestive apparatus. Gener- 
ally, when a food that is properly cooked, or 
raw, runs through the alimentary canal 
intact, it should be avoided. It is folly to give 
the digestive system problems which it is un- 
able to solve. Better change to something 
else that will digest or administer such reme- 
dies as will make them digest. Here is a 
beautiful field of study ; I say beautiful, be- 
cause its lessons are so clear and instructive, 
and because some of the finest specimens of 
polarized light are found in the feces. 

As to beef-steak. 

1. Uncooked, note its beauty under polarized 
light, the trichinae (if present), the physical ap- 
pearances of the fibrillae, the amount of fatty 
infiltration, the amount of connective tissue, 
etc., etc. 

2. Cooked. — The shrinking in size, the ab- 
sence of polarization, the darkened color ap- 
proaching black. 

3. In the feces, if not broken up into a fine 
homogeneous mass, like a solid extract in which 
no forms of muscular fibre can be detected, it 
is not thoroughly digested. If the muscular 
fibres are found undigested, they tell their own 
story plainly. 

It must be remembered that the connective, 
areolar, and fibrous tissues from the vegetable 



ADULTERATION. • >]J 

kingdom are almost all insoluble in the juices 
of the alimentary canal, and must be expected 
to appear in the feces of healthy digestion. 

The above list might be extended by includ- 
ing celery, cranberries, grapes, peaches, wheat, 
oats, barley, rye, melon, specially watermelons, 
which show beautifully protoplasm in active 
motion, tomatoes, corn, squash, sweet potatoes, 
mustard, bread of all kinds, cake, crackers, 
pilot bread, unleavened bread, wines, dough, 
yeast from sour bread, etc., etc., etc. 

The use of the polariscope is invaluable as a 
test for cooking. The writer has used it for 
many years, and was probably the first to call 
attention to its great "value as a test for 
cooking. The morphology of foods throws 
great light on the alcohol question. 

4. ADULTERATION OF FOODS. 

This department would fill a book, but atten- 
tion can only be called to it here. So long as 
money can be made by false dealings as to 
foods, just so long is there need of protection 
by a knowledge of the morphology of adultera- 
tions of foods. 

The statements of the interested parties 
should be tested by the microscope. For ex- 
ample, if an article claims to be pure coffee, it 
should prove to be so under the microscope. 
A study of a genuine grain of coffee will give 



7 8 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 

the clues, and a study of chicory will also be of 
help, as it is generally used for adulteration of 
coffee. Indeed, the adulterations of all spices, 
black pepper, for example, with ground button- 
wood bark, have been going on for years, and 
will probably go on till this subject is properly 
understood, and this will be when microscopes 
are as common as pianos and organs. May 
this time soon come ! 

The morphology of food is easiest of all to 
study, and no one should give decided opinions 
before practical knowledge is acquired ; those 
who have never had their attention called to 
this subject, will find its investigation to be a 
great revelation as to human nature. 

Infants Foods. 

The writer must content himself with refer- 
ring to his monograph on this subject, which 
will be furnished on application to him. It is 
sufficient to say here that most of them fall 
short of their claims, and should be given a 
wide berth. Far better is it to feed during 
motherhood so that there shall be an abun- 
dance of healthy milk, to wit : two-thirds ani- 
mal and one-third vegetable food (see "Food in 
Motherhood," bv author, about to appear), and 
then there will be no need of artificial feeding 
of infants. 

Should this present work be encouraged by 



INFANTS FOODS. 79 

the profession, the writer will give a fuller 
treatment of the morphology of foods, which 
will involve considerable expense of time, labor, 
and money, and which, by good right, should 
not be done by private enterprise, but under 
governmental patronage, because it has the 
most intimate relations to the welfare of its 
most precious articles of value in the nation, to 
wit : the human beings within its confines. 



VIII. 

MORPHOLOGY OF CLOTHING. 

This is a practical question, showing how to 
have no cheats in clothing ; but it assumes a 
more intense interest in its medico-legal rela- 
tions, for example, the examination of blood 
stains on coats, shirts, pockets, money bags, 
greenbacks, etc., etc. 

Everything found in the morphology of the 
air and dirt must be expected here, added to 
the morphology of dried blood. Careful men- 
suration and inspection of the suspected blood 
must be made amid the crowd of other objects, 
such as silica, feathers, starch of all kinds, pollen 
of many kinds, pigment matters, hairs of plants 
and animals, fibres of textile fabrics, animal and 
vegetable tissues, fungi and algae, and so forth. 

Corpuscles of various shapes distorted in 
drying or not may be found. Now and then, 
perfect ones can be found alone, or buried 
wholly or in part in the clot. 

When the stains have been washed with 
water to remove them, as water is the best 
thing for this purpose, the morphology is still 



MORPHOLOGY OF CLOTHING. 



more difficult. Yet making allowance for this 
bleaching detergent process, much valuable 
information can be had which, while it does not 
positively convict or release, points the way out 
to conviction or not, as the case may be, very 
strongly in doubtful cases. In our present 
state of knowledge, no one should be hung or 
set free simply upon the blood evidence alone, 
unless the claim is made that the blood stain is 
one of the bird family, whose corpuscles are 
oval and whose white corpuscles are smaller 
than the red. The microscope should not be 
made to prove more than belongs to its domain. 



To examine water morphology,* filter through cot- 
ton bag, about one and one-half by four inches, with 
as gentle a pressure- as possible. When the water 
begins to bore through in jets, stop flow. Remove 
bag, empty into a goblet, turn bag inside out and sop 
in goblet a short time. Squeeze bag by twisting. 
With a pipette remove specimens on to a slide and 
cover, or, better, have a slide with an open cell, two 
by two-thirds inch, one-eighth inch deep, and place 
specimen on horizontal stage ; one inch, one-quarter 
to one-tenth inch objectives. 

* See pages 49 and 58. 



IX. 

MORPHOLOGY OF THE UTERINE 
AND VAGINAL DISCHARGES. 

Ascarides and eggs. 

Blood-corpuscles, red and white. 

Botrytis infestans. 

Cancerous tissues. 

Cholesterin. 

Ciliaris bicaudalis. 

Colloid of ovarian tumors. 

Colloid secretions from epithelia. 

Crypta irregularis. 

Crypta syphilitica. 

Cryptococcus gonorrhoea. 

Epithelia, ciliated. 

Epithelia, cylindrical. 

Epithelia, pavement. 

Fibrin filaments. 

Foreign substances, accidentally or purposely 
introduced. 

Gemiasma verdans, etc. 

Gravel. 

Menstrual blood. 

Morphology of feces in cases of recto-vagi- 
nal fistulae. 



UTERINE AND VAGINAL DISCHARGES. 8? 

Morphology of the urine in cases of vesico- 
vaginal fistulae. 

Mucous corpuscles. 

Mucous filaments. 

Muscular tissues in degeneration and sub- 
involution. 

Ovarian corpuscles. 

Ovum, human. 

Penicillium pruriosum. 

Pus. 

Sarcoma. 

Spermatozoa. 

Torula aggregatus. 

Torula utero-catarrhalis. 

Tricocephalus catarrhalis. 

Tricocephalus dispar and eggs. 

Trichomonas irregularis. 

Trichomonas vaginalis. 

Vernix caseosa. 

Yeast, acetic. 

Yeast, alcoholic. 

Yeast, lactic. 

Zymotosis utero-catarrhalis, etc. 

Dec. 2ist, 1888. 



MORPHOLOGY OF SOILS. 

SPECIALLY USEFUL IN STUDYING MALARIA, 
CREMATION, TYPHOID FEVER, ETC. 

Of course, it must be expected that all the 
bodies found in the morphologies of the air and 
water will be in this morphology: notably in 
malarial investigations in the morphology of soils 
in the beds of ponds or streams which are alter- 
nately covered or uncovered by water. It is a 
curious fact that such localities, when perma- 
nently dry or wet, do not develop the plants of 
ague. The practical deduction is, to keep the 
ponds either full or dry, and the ague will cease 
as the plants stop growing. This morphology 
is clinical and is not exhaustive of the subject. 

Algae, named and unnamed. 
Anguillula fluviatilis. 

Automobile spores of all kinds making incrus- 
tations. 

Bacteria of many kinds. 
Biciliated zoospores. 
Biolysis typhoides. 
Botrydium infestans. 



MORPHOLOGY OF SOILS. 85 

Chroococcus minutus. 
Chroolepideae. 
Crystals, acicular. 
Diatoms. 
Difflugia cratera. 
Fungi in mycelial filaments. 
Gemiasma alba. 
Gemiasma paludis. 
Gemiasma plumba. 
Gemiasma rubra. 
Gemiasma verdans. 
Hyphomycetes. 
Oscillatoriaceae. 
Palmellae. 
Penicillium. 
Protococci. 

Protuberans gelatiformis. 
Protuberans lamella. 
Protuberans ovalis. 
Puccinia. 

Quartz and fragments of all rocks and miner- 
als found in Petrology. 
Rhizopods. 
Silica. 

Sphaerotheca. 
Spongue spicules. 
Spores of cryptogams. 
Torula. 
Vibriones. 
Yeast. 
Zoospores. 



LIST OF LANTERN SLIDES 

FOR EXHIBITION BY 

E. CUTTER, M.D., LL.D. 

Microphotographs, if not stated to the contrary 
This list stibject to change at any time* 
January, 1889. 



I. THE BLOOD. 

i. Ox, one-fiftieth inch objective, Tolles. 

2. Dog, ditto, ditto. 

3. Mouse, ditto, ditto. 

4. Pig, ditto, ditto. 

5. Sheep, ditto, ditto. 

6. Horse, ditto. 

7 Trout, ditto, ditto. 

8. Frog, one-tenth inch objective, U. S. Army Mu- 
seum. 
9 Bluebird, one-tenth inch objective. 

10. Healthy human adult's blood, drawing (Salisbury). 

11. Healthy human blood, one-tenth inch objective. 

12. Human red blood-corpuscle, one-fiftieth inch ob- 

jective, enlarged by camera. 

♦The microphotographs were taken by G. B. Harriman, D.D.S., of Boston, 
and the writer, unless otherwise noted. 



LIST OF LANTERN SLIDES. 8 J 

1 3. Human white blood-corpuscle, ditto, ditto. 

14. Human white blood-corpuscle, healthy, ditto, ditto 

1 5. Amoeboid movements white blood-corpuscle, draw- 

ing, from solar projection with one-tenth inch 
objective. 

16. Ditto, another specimen. 

1 7. White blood-corpuscle, consumptive, one-fiftieth 

inch objective. 

18. Three ditto, ditto, one-fiftieth inch objective. 

19. The same with one-seventy-fifth inch objective ; 

the first ever taken with this objective; 1876. 

20. Two white corpuscles, consumptive, one-seventy- 

fifth inch objective. 

21. The same enlarged by camera. 

22. 23. White blood-corpuscle, consumptive, showing 

entophytal growths, according to Professor P. F. 
Reinsch, of Erlangen. 
24, 25. Consumptive blood, under the one-fiftieth inch 
objective. 

26. Ditto, ditto, with one-seventy-fifth inch objective. 

27, 28. Consumptive blood, fourth stage, one-sixteenth 

inch objective. 

29. Fibrin filaments consumptive blood, one-fiftieth 

inch objective ; first ever taken with this power ; 
1876. 

30, 31. Pretubercular blood. 

32. Eczema, drawing (Salisbury). 

33. Anaemia, drawing (Salisbury). 

34. Consumptive blood, first stage, drawing (Salisbury). 

35. Blood in fibrous consumption, drawing (Salis- 

bury). 

36. 37. Consumption, second stage, drawing (Salis- 

bury). 
38. Mycoderma aceti, one-fiftieth inch objective. 



gg LIST OF LANTERN SLIDES. 

39. Consumption, third stage, drawing (Salisbury). 

40. Consumption, fourth stage, drawing (Salisbury). 

41. Ditto, ditto, ditto. 

42. Ditto, last part of fourth stage, drawing (Salis- 

bury). 

43. Consumption, fourth stage, one-sixteenth inch ob- 

jective. 

44. Consumption, fourth stage, and after six months' 

treatment, drawing (Salisbury). 

45. Consumption, fourth stage, one-sixteenth inch ob- 

jective. 

46. 47. Hog cholera, blood in fatal case, drawing (Sal- 

isbury). 
48, 49. Fibraemia, drawing (Salisbury). 

50. Fibraemia, in skeins, drawing (Salisbury). 

51. Emboli in rheumatism and thrombosis, drawing 

(Salisbury). 

52. Cystine in rheumatism, drawing. 

53. Ditto, ditto, ditto. 

54. Ditto and pigment matters, drawing. 

55. 56. Fibrin in hog cholera filling terminal blood- 

vessels drawing (Salisbury) 

57. Blood of boils, one-tenth inch objective. 

58. Crypta syphilitica filament, one-sixteenth inch 

objective. 

59. Ditto, one-fourth inch objective enlarged. 

60. Ditto, spores, one-seventy-fifth inch objective. 

61. Ditto, in white corpuscles, one-tenth inch objective. 

62. 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71. Action of alcohol 

pushed to the extreme on living human blood- 
corpuscles, series taken by Dr. Harriman, alone ; 
one-sixteenth to one-seventy-fifth inch objective. 
72. Hunting for ague plants in the blood with a one- 



LIST OF LANTERN SLIDES. gg 

tenth inch objective mounted in a Cutter clinical 
microscope ; direct candle light. 



2. SPUTUM. 

i. Epithelial cell, pavement. U. S. A. Medical Mu- 
seum. 

2. Leptothrix existing in tongue papillae, drawing. 

3. Lactic acid vegetations, ditto. 

4. 5, 6. Vegetations of croup, drawings from Profes- 

sor Reinsch. 

7. Spores of membrane of Diphtheria unkilled by 

three and a half years' sojourn in strongest car- 
bolic acid. 

8. Granular encysted, acicular and massive gravel, 

drawing. 

9. Triple phosphate, drawing. 

10. Granular, encysted, acicular and massive gravel, 

with pigment, drawing. 

11. Gravel with spirilina splendens, after Salisbury, 

drawing. 

12. Ditto from asthma and hay fever, drawing. 

13. Ditto with cystine, drawing. 

14. Spirilina splendens with massive gravel, drawing. 

15. Gravel, drawing. 

16. 17. Lung fibre in consumption, drawing, Salisbury. 
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. Asthmatos ciliaris, some of the 

microphotographs with one-seventy-fifth inch ob- 
jective ; also drawing. 

3. FECES. 

I. Tapeworm eggs, fat, ligamentum nuchae (?), draw- 
ing. 



QO LIST OF LANTERN SLIDES. 

2. Muscular fibre, apple, drawing. 

3. Serolin and vegetations in consumption, drawing, 

Salisbury. 

4. Banana tissue, drawing. 

5. Celery tissue, drawing. 

4. SKIN. 

1. Vaccine virus. 

2. Epithelia infested with vegetation, drawing. 

3. Ditto. 

4. Skin morphology with large shred of lung fibre, 

drawing, Salisbury. 

5. Epithelia of skin in consumptive blood. 

6. Scrapings ; cotton fibre, macerated, etc. 

5. URINE. 

1. Uric acid, drawing. 

2. Monstrous spermatozoa, drawing, Salisbury. 

3. Monstrous spermatozoa, drawing, Cutter. 

4. Infected epithelia and giant mucous corpuscles in 

diphtheria, drawing. 

5. Anabaina subtilissima, drawing. 

6. Fatty epithelia in Bright's disease ; abnormal giant 
mucous corpuscles, drawing, Cutter. 

6 FOODS. 

1. Leavened bread, 17 diameters. 

2. Leavened bread, 25 diameters. 

3. Unleavened bread, 1 7 diameters. 

4. Longitudinal section of grain of wheat ; after 

Hand ; drawing. 



LIST OF LANTERN SLIDES. 



9 1 



5. Cross section grain of wheat, drawing, ditto. 

6. Cross section of periphery of grain of wheat, ditto. 

7. Flour, common, drawing. 

8. Bermuda arrowroot starch, drawing. 

9. Imperial Granum, drawing. 

10. Victor Baby Food, drawing. 

11. Gluten Flour Health Food, drawing. 

12. Durkee's Glutena, drawing. 

13. Redmond's Cerealine, drawing. 

14. Baby Sup, drawing. 

15. Arlington wheat meal, drawing, 

16. Franklin Mills entire wheat flour, drawing. 

17. Franklin Mills entire wheat flour, drawing. 

18. Mellin's Food, drawing. 

19. Alcoholic yeast plant in activity (saccharomyces 

cerevisiae). 

20. Gaffe and Fleischmann's yeast in action, one-fiftieth 

inch objective, 

21. Ditto, ditto, another view, one-fiftieth inch object- 

ive. 

22. Ditto, ditto, with bacteria, one-fiftieth inch object- 

ive. 

23. Mycelial filaments (aerial), vinegar yeast, one-six- 

teenth inch objective. 

24. Mycelial filament from mother of vinegar in es- 

cape pipe of refrigerator, drawing. 

25. Mother of vinegar, lager-beer drips, drawing. 

26. Alcoholic and vinegar yeast, lager-beer drips. Do. 
2 7. Alcohol and vinegar in bloom of grape, drawing. 

28. Mycelial filaments lager beer, drawing. 

29. Lactic acid, alcohol and vinegar, drawing. 

30. Gaffe and Fleischmann, alcohol yeast, one-seventy- 

fifth inch objective. 

31. Ditto, ditto, another print. 



g 2 LIST OF LANTERN SLIDES. 

32. Ditto, ditto, another specimen. 

33. Protoplasm of watermelon pulp cell, showing act- 

ive motion, drawing. 

34. Cranberry pulp. 

35. Lard, one-sixteenth inch objective. 

36. Soap, one-sixteenth inch objective. 

3 j. Rancid butter, one-sixteenth inch objective. 

38. Cantelope melon cells with protoplasm active, 

drawing. 

39. Baked beans, drawing. 

40. Peach, hairs and substance, drawing. 

41. Peach tissues, drawing. 

42. Peach substance near and in the skin, drawing. 

43. Tomato, raw and cooked, drawing. 

44. Pulp of grape skin, drawing. 

DRINKING WATER. 

45. Pleurosigma. 

46. Triceratium favus. 

47. Saprolegnia plant. 

48. Actinophrys sol, photo. 

49. Ditto, drawing. 

50. Volvox, drawing. 

51. Parasites in desmids, drawing. (Reinsch.) 

52. Polyarthra platyptera, drawing. 

53. Cyclops quadricornis. 

AIR. 

54. Sewer gas vegetation, one-tenth inch objective. 

55. Dust on furniture, one-fiftieth inch objective. 



FOOD AND TUBERCLE. 

Plate I 



Ephraim Cutter. 



Fig. I. 




Fig. 2. 



'. '■ 



■. 





Fig. i.— Microphotograph, one-fiftieth in. objective, Tolles. Taken in 1876, by E. Cutter. Healthy- 
blood. Special object focussed tor was the white corpuscle. Compare it with Fig. 1, Plate HI. 
Fig. 2.— Healthy blood, one-sixteenth inch objective, Tolles. E. Cutter, 1883. 



FOOD AND TUBERCLE Ephraim Cutter. 
Plate II. 




Fig. 2. 

Fig. i.— Ropy, sticky and adhesive blood as found in cases of Tubercle and Rheumatism. Here 

it is from Tubercle and contains vinegar yeast. Microphotograph, one-sixteenth inch 

objective. E. Cutter, 1876. 
Fig. 2.— Microphotograph, one-sixteenth inch objective of Tolles. Tuberculous blood ; case 

under treatment and shows improvement. There is an endeavor to rouleaux rightly. The 

vinegar yeast is not so plenty. E. Cutter, 1876. 



FOOD AND TUBERCLE. EPHRAIM CUTTEI 

Plate III. 




Fig. I. 




Fig. 2. 

Fig. i. — Microphotograph, Tolles, one-seventy-fifth inch objective. The first taken ; by E. Cutter 
and G. B. Harriman, D.D.S., of Boston, '1876. Tuberculous blood. Three white corpuscles 
distended and the fourth ruptured by spores of vinegar yeast. 

Fig. 2. — Microphotograph, 1876. E. Cutter. Taken with Tolles' one-fiftieth inch objective. 
Fibrin filaments in excess as found in tuberculous, embolic and rheumatic blood. 



PHYSICAL CAUSES OF HEART DISEASES EPHRAIM CUTTER 



<QSfrZ 



& 



& 




5 i~*i.J 



* 




4B» 

' BEII o-.i 



Fig. 2. 



€)<* 



3? 



^ <8>' 





flh 



10 



Fig. 3. 



Figures i & 2. — Crystals and crystalline bodies found in the blood of cases of Rheumatism. 
Fig. 3. --Crystals of cystine found in the blood of a_ case of Sciatica. 



See also Food and Tubercle. E. Cutter. Plate II, Fig 1, and Plate III, Fig. 2. 







^SSgPg 



Crystals, crystalline bodies, and gravel found in asthmatic expectoration and in 
hay-fever ; also Spirilina splendens (Salisbury), in obstinate cases of Asthma. 
(E. Cutter, 1883.) 



Heartrest Sanatory 

MOTT AVENUE AND 165th STREET, NEW YORK. 



Address communications to Dr. John A, Cutter, Business Manager, 
The Ariston, Broadway and 55/^ Street, New York. 



No. 


1. 


No. 


2. 


No. 


3. 


No. 


4- 


No. 


5- 


No. 


6. 


No. 


7- 



CIRCULARS OF INFORMATION. 
General circular of information. 
Consumption of the Lungs. 
Diet in Tumor and Cancer. 
Bright 's Disease, Impending Apoplexy, Paralysis, 

Cataract, and Fatty Heart. 
Asthma, Hay Fever, Bronchitis, and La Grippe. 
Heart Diseases and Rheumatism. 
Diseases of Women. 



The aim is to heal those cases of chronic disease commonly 
called incurable. 

The Sanatory is located on high ground, in a square 
plot bounded on three sides as above and by Sheridan 
Avenue, commanding a fine view. The drainage is new ; 
buildings are spacious and surroundings good. 

It is approached by the West Side Elevated Roads to 
155th Street, thence by carriage; from Grand Central 
Depot by Harlem Railroad to Mott Haven Station, thence 
by carriage; and from Melrose Station, on the same rail- 
road, ten minutes' walk. 

The results that we have achieved in our work in 
Heartrest Sanatory show the greater value of an insti- 
tution of its kind than the means afforded in handling 
cases in private practice. 



All rights reserved. . Copyright, 1891, 



FOOD VERSUS BACILLI IS CONSUMPTION 



(OPUS 286. 



AN OPEN LETTER 



EPHRAIM CUTTER, M. D., LL D., 

Corresponding Member Societ6 Beige de Microscopie ; Associate Member Philo- 
sophical Society of Great Britain ; Honorary Fellow Society of Science, Letters 
and Art (London) ; Principal Medical Department of Instruction, American 
Institute of Micrology ; Member Committee for the Revision of the United 
States Pharmacopoeia, i860 ; Life Member New York Institution for the 
Deaf and Dumb ; Member American Medical Association, Ameri- 
can Society of Microscopists, etc., etc. 



TO HIS SON, 



John Ashburton Cutter, M, D„ B, Sc. 



WITH ANSWER. 



[Reprint from Virginia Medical Monthly, December, iSSS.] 



"A capacity to do good not only gives a title to it, but makes the doing of it 
duty."— Duke of Brandenburg, 1691, 



NEW YORK : 

The Artston, Broadway and 55TH Street. 

Published by the Author. 

1888. 

All Rights Reserved. 



Food versus Bacilli in Consumption. 



"I have long ago ceased to regard all the bacilli, micro- 
cocci, and bacteria, etc., as ultimate forms of animal or veg- 
etable life. I look upon them as simply the embryos of 
mature forms, which are capable of propagating themselves 
in this embryonal state. I have observed these forms in 
many diseased conditions ; many of them in one disease are 
nothing but the vinegar yeast developing, away from the 
air, in the blood, where the full development of the plant is 
not apt to be found." * * , * " The very name specific should 
be blotted from medical science, and left entirely to the quack, 
who knows nothing else. There is really no such thing in 
medicine. All we can do in any disease is to aid nature, 
and to follow her as closely as possible in her curative pro- 
cesses; and this we can only do wisely and well by under- 
standing fully the true cause and pathology of every dis- 
ease we treat." — (Salisbury — McNaughton Prize Essay on 
Malaria.) 

You ask me to give you clearly how far bacteriology 
comes short, compared with the actual state of practical clini- 
cal knowledge as realized by Dr. Salisbury, myself and 
others? I will do so as well as I can in the paternal rela- 
tion, one which is not ordinarily used to inculcate false- 
hoods, untruths or things of no value. 

I start out with the general proposition that your busi- 
ness as a physician is, to cure and prevent disease. When 
patients come to you, you are to cure when you can ; when 
you cannot, you are to relieve and prevent disease if you 
can. Your duty is to use legitimately all the means within 
your reach to produce these ends. Let us look at our sub- 
ject in this light. 

Taking consumption to mean consumption of the lungs 



or bowels, sometimes called tuberculosis of those parts, let 
us see what bacteriology has done, and then look at the food 
side of the question. 

I. Bacteriology is a science in medicine, introduced by Dr. 
Koch, since 1880. It shows: — (1) The cause of consump- 
tion to be bacilli, which may be cultivated by inoculation 
in animals and produce consumption in them. This has 
been doubted, but I am willing to concede it. 

(2.) Dr. Koch has been endorsed, titled and set up by the 
German Government in a laboratory, and has published his 
researches in a most magnificent manner. 

(3.) Chairs of bacteriology and laboratories have been 
set up in medical colleges in many places and countries. 
All these go to show that bacteriology is the most popular 
and well received thing in the etiology of consumption, and 
of course superior to every other. 

Indeed, the First International Tuberculosis Congress of 
nearly five-hundred medical men has lately been convened 
at Paris, which taught, if the report I saw was correct, — (a.) 
Boil your milk and have your meat well cooked, (b.) 
Consumption is contagious from man to animals, with a de- 
cree to make cattle liable to seizure by meat inspectors, (c.) 
It comes in milk also, by inhalation, and the inoculation of 
saliva of patients, (d.) Preventive inoculation is useless, 
(e.) What we need is some agent that will kill the bacillus, 
(f.) We do not say the disease is incurable, (g.) The 
malady is in the blood. This is the height and depth of 
bacteriology. It shows the cause, gives no directions for 
treatment, but shows no cures while admitting their possi- 
bility. 

II. Let us now look and see what has been done for twen- 
ty-five years on the food side of consumption, premising that 
the injunction to cook the meat and milk thoroughly, the 
admitting the curability of phthisis and its being a blood 
disease, make my task easier, for it concedes what I w r ant 
you to know and practice, and what has been known and 
practiced here for more than twenty-five years. 

You know my motto for 1879, beautifully engrossed and 
intended as an heirloom. It reads, " In my opinion, should 



the experience of Dr. J. H. Salisbury and myself for the 
past 21 years be realized by all regular physicians in these 
United States, at least 13,000 lives would be annually saved 
by the detection and treatment of the pretubercular state 
alone." Let this make item number one. This motto is 
backed by an unpublished volume entitled, "A New Physi- 
cal Sign of the Pretubercular Stage of Consumption. By E. 
Cutter, M. D. Esse quam videre. Illustrated b}^ sixty-nine 
original microphotographs taken with objectives ranging 
from the l-4th to the l-75th inch, 1877, pp. 211." 

Item 2. In 1858, one thousand swine were fed by Dr. Salis- 
bury on sour swill for three months; one-quarter of them 
died, and 104 were autopsied and found to be consumptive. 
(See A No. 1 Bibliog.) 

Item 3. By the side of these, about one thousand other 
swine were kept on sound sweet corn for the same time; 
none died. Had consumption been contagious they should 
have caught it. 

Item 4. Consumption has been cured, is being cured, and 
will be cured by proper feeding on the plans laid down in' 
"The Relation of Alimentation and Disease," by J. H. Salis- 
bury, M. D , LL. D. New York: (J. H. Vail & Co. 1888). 
You remember your brother Ben's case, how, in 1876, he 
was in the pretubercular state, how I kept him from going 
to Germany for his musical education for one year till he 
was cured, how he went, afterwards got sick again, and was 
said by his German physician to be in consumption, how I 
wrote him to live as he did before, how your mother being 
sick almost to death (see Diet in Cancer, Case IX Albany 
Medical Annals, July and August, 1887) and worrying about 
him, I had him come home to have his blood examined, to 
see how it really was ; how that he got well and remains so 
now. You know Mr. Luther Whiting Mason, sick in the 
same way in 1877, how he was cured, went to Japan and 
introduced Western Music in the public schools, backed by 
the Cabinet of the Imperial Government. This great re- 
sult is due to his cure. Besides these cases, you know of 
more in my practice of a worse character. Add to these 
the hundreds that Dr. Salisbury has cured. There is evidence 



enough to show that this terrible disease is being cured, was 
being cured twenty-five years ago, and will be cured in time 
to come (see No. 13 B in Bibliography, appended) 
w T hether acknowledged or not. I hope you will not take 

the position of Dr. , who, after I had tried to have an 

understanding on this subject, said, " I don't care if you do 
cure a case of consumption, I will not believe it." The Tu- 
berculosis Congress does not say this. Nor will you, I hope, 
follow the example of an official of a medical society I once 
belonged to. I said to him, "If you will be kind enough 
to take a dispensary case, bring him in before the society, 
examine him before the members and pronounce him to be 
a case of consumption, I will try to cure him" He did so, 
and the official said it was a cure after I had got through 
with him, but that the case was not consumption. 

Item 5. The plans in question tell how to diagnosticate a 
case of consumption by the blood morphologies when the 
ordinary physical signs of auscultation and percussion do 
not. It settles the question at once. This will be of great 
value to you, I know from my own experience. Bacteriol- 
ogy does not do this. This new physical sign of the pretu- 
bercular state is invaluable in army, navy and other health 
examinations, specially in life insurance examinations. 
(See Nos. 1— A; 1, 21— B Bibliography.) 

Item G. The plans in question show how to run a case in- 
telligently, to know when a case is cured, to know exactly 
what food can be allowed by its action on the blood, to show 
lapses in diet, to keep patients from deceiving, and convinc- 
ing them that there is no use in trying to deceive as to food. 
Bacteriology does not do this. 

Item 7. The plans in question intimate that nature is the 
great healer: (1st.) By giving healthy normal food, and 
(2d). By removing food causes. This was found out by 
feeding singly on all common articles of food, seeing what 
diseases they cause in their way, and showing that almost 
without exception, beef properly prepared can be a health- 
ful food indefinitely. (See A— 1 Bibl.) (3d.) Medicines 
do not cure. They oil the machine and are useful as lubri- 
cants, so to speak. You may have a locomotive in order 



and fired up, but it must be oiled ere it can work. Bacteri- 
ology holds out a hope of a cure by killing the bacilli by 
some agent, but does not state what agent. I would rather 
you would cure than have a hope to cure to practice medi- 
cine with. By the way, I mean curable, like typhoid fever, 
for example. The plans never claim to cure all the cases. 
If patients follow directions strictly, and do not work, nor 
worry, nor play too hard, you may reasonably expect to 
cure two-thirds, provided they take time enough; say from 
two to three years. Three-fourths of the swine that had 
consumption did not die of it, but nature eliminated the 
disease, Perhaps they might have died in time, but they 
were slaughtered for food. Thorough cooking kills the pos- 
sibility of communicating the disease. This was known 
years before the Congress of Tuberculosis promulgated it. 
I am glad that it was promulgated. It makes things much 
easier for me. 

Item 8, What is consumption as defined by the plans? 
Partial paralysis and interstitial death caused by the myco- 
derma aceti and other acid yeasts, growing in the blood. . 
making thrombi which become emboli in the lungs and in 
turn the nidus of tubercle. This yeast comes from ferment- 
ing food in the small intestines, and hence becomes absorbed 
into the vascular system. Experiments with all our com- 
mon foods show that nearly all, save beef, will, when exclu- 
sively fed on for forty to fifty days, ferment and infest the 
blood with the vinegar, lactic acid or other yeasts and cause 
tuberculosis. So long as food causes consumption it is in 
vain to expect to cure a case unless proper food is eaten.;- 

For thirty-five years observers have noticed tne bacillus 
of Koch living with the vinegar yeast. Botanists were di 
videdm opinion whether they were inseparably a part of 
the life history of the mycoderma aceti, though nearly al 
ways found associated. Some botanists thought they were 
indispensable parts, and some thought not. They are the 
babies of the vegetations and can be propagated as babies 

Item 9. Bacteriology makes no account of the morphol 
ogy of consumptive blood as Dr. Salisbury does It may 
point out bacteria, but it does not point out the following- 



1. As to the red corpuscles, (a.) Their huddling and group- 
ing together like frightened sheep, (b.) Their sticky and 
rotten substance, (c.) Their unrounded out, unplastic out- 
lines, (d.) Their loss of ruddy color, (e.) Impoverish- 
ment. 

2. .4s tq- white blood corpuscles, (a.) Their enlargement, 
usually sometimes enormously distended by the mycoder- 
ma aceti. (b.) Their increase in number, (c.) Their vari- 
ation in size. 

3. As to the serum, (a.) Fibrin filaments enlarged, thick- 
ened, stronger, more numerous and visible than in health, 
(b.) Mycoderma aceti in single spores or aggregated into 
oblong, sometimes double ended masses, forming thrombi 
and capillary emboli, specially in the lungs, where when 
held, the mycoderma aceti grows, increases, and acts chemi- 
cally and mechanically in the tissues forming as a result of 
the life, chemical and mechanical action, a nidus for what 
is called tubercle, producing local paralysis and interstitial 
death, to name no more. 

You know how useful this blood morphology has been in 
my practice and yours in giving the patient something defi- 
nite to go for — i. e., the riddance of the yeast from the 
blood and the re-establishment of the normal blood mor- 
phology. You know how often after having got the blood 
normal, that in less than twenty-four hours it may be 
thrown back to the morphology of consumptive blood by 
the patient eating one teaspoonful of sugar or one mouthful 
of forbidden food. You know that foods for the consump- 
tive are selected, not because they taste good, look good, and 
are recommended by loving friends, but according to how 
they bring back or not the morphology of consumptive 
blood. You know how patients are detected hi lapses of 
diet by the blood morphology, and yet all this is more than a 
quarter of a century old. 

Item 10. Bacteriology takes account of the sputum, but 
only to look for the bacillus. There is an advantage in 
looking for one thing; it gives a unity of aim, but it is re- 
cent. The plans here advocated have, for the past twenty- 
five years, included the entire morphology of the sputum 



as known. (See Morphology of the Sputum, Numbers 1 — A ; 
1 — B, Bibliography.) I can name only a few here : Elastic 
lung fibres, inelastic lung fibres, lumen of blood-vessels, 
mycoderma aceti, saccharomyces cerevisise when there are 
lung cavities, blood, giant mucous corpuscles, gravel of the 
lungs in fibrous consumption, to name no more. 

These have been for years used as practical physical signs 
•of the progress of the disease, and as points d'appui for 
patients to work from. For example, they can work to get 
them out, and do get them out by the food plans named. 
When they reappear, it is sure proof, nine cases out of ten, 
that lapses in diet have occurred, as they are quite sure to 
go when the diet is maintained. These clinical tests are to 
me irrefutable. I am sure it is a nice way for the doctor to 
know just how the necrosis is going on, and how to stop it, 
as I have done, am doing, and expect to do as long as I 
practice medicine. I hope you will follow in this. 

I am aware that some will say that this is contrary to the 
conventional experience of the profession, but I say it is 
none the less true. Being true, it is right; being right, I 
am in a majority, as to be right is to be in a majority. Re- 
member, my son, again, that your business is to cure if you 
•can, and not to cure when you can is criminal. Hence, 
.bacteriology does not present now to you the salient features 
you need for your work. 

Item 11. Bacteriology does not use the morphology of the 
urine as a test of the condition of patients in consumption ; 
Salisbury does. He aims to get the urine like a healthy 
babe's, nursing a healthy mother's breast — i. e., clear as 
champagne, 1010 to 1020 specific gravity, free from odor, 
no deposit on cooling. You and I have done this, too. De- 
viations from this standard show something wrong with the 
kidneys, liver, digestion or nervous system. Testing with 
nitric acid helps out in showing biliousness. (See A — 1 ; 
B— 1, Bibl.) 

Item 12. Bacteriology makes little account of the mor- 
phology of the skin. Salisbury does, and traces the vege- 
tations of the skin. In consumption, no patient is cured 
(before they have long disappeared. See Morphology of the 
.Skin, A — 1 ; B — 1, Bibliography.) 



10 

Item 13. Bacteriology does not tell how to feed in con- 
sumption ; Salisbury does. (See A — 1 ; B — 3 and 13, Bibl.y 

Item 14. Bacteriology points out no medicine, but is hard 
at work to find a bacillus or agent to kill the bacillus of 
Koch. The Salisbury plans point out the use of medicines 
as follows: (1) As oils to the machine. (2) Tonics to tone • 
up the glands and system. (3) Digestives to help digest 
the food. (4) To meet complications, as hemoptysis, diar- 
rhoea, etc. (5) To put the skin in good order. (6) Hot 
water as a medicine to promote downward peristalsis — wash 
out, thin the blood, etc. (See B — 20, Bibliog) (7) Food as a 
Medicine. See Numbers A — 1; B — 3 and 13, Bibl),. 
(8) The having all medicines pure and up to standard, and I 
testing all food preparations' on one's own self before offer- 
ing them to patients. 

Item 15. To study bacteriology, one needs a laboratory. . 
much time, special care, and instruments to practice with. 
The Salisbury plans, you know, need but a few things, 
though they must be of the best quality ; and the results 
are at once manifest. I have thought they were like agri- 
culture, which furnishes a field large enough for the exer- 
cise of capacities of the grandest and noblest, when pro- 
vided with all that could be suggested in the way of me- 
chanical, chemical and financial contrivance. And, on the 
other hand, agriculture may be successfully handled by 
farmers poor in resource, invention and ability. Any one 
who will live on baked beans, oatmeal, or army biscuit, ex- 
clusively, for three months (See A — 1, Bibl.), whether he 
can use the microscope or not, will have some decided 
opinions on the subject. Facts are more than opinions not 
based on facts. 

Finally, my son, have pity on the sick and dying. Try 
to give honor to whom honor is due. Abate not one jot,, 
but do not honor only people for doing things that are half- 
way procedures, when you know of, and can testify to pro- 
cedures which cover the whole ground, and save lives which 
the others cannot save. Sincerely your father, 

Ephraim Cutter, 
New York, The Ariston, Broadway and 55th street 

September 18, 1888. 



11 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

These partial lists of Dr. Salisbury's and my own writings are given to indi- 
cate something of the amount of original work done and the extent of corrobo- 
ration. For more extended lists, see Appendices E and F in Origin of the Salis- 
bury Plans of Diet in Chronic Diseases. E. Cutter, N. Y. W. A, Kellogg, 
1886.. 

(A.) BY JAMES HENRY SALISBURY, A. M. , ML D., LL. D. 

1. Relation of Alimentation and Disease. 8vo. pp. xi — 332. Plates, 19. 
New York. J. H. Vail & Co. 1888. 

2. Chronic Diarrhoea and Its Complications ; or the Diseases Arising in 
Armies from a too Exclusive Use of Amylaceous Food, etc. Ohio Surgeon- Gen- 
eral's Report for 1864. 

3. Discovery of Cholesterine and Seroline as Secretions in Health of the Sali- 
vary , Tear, Alammary and Sudorific Glands • of the Testis and Ovary ; of the 
Kidneys in Hepatic Derangements ; of Mucous Membranes when Congested and 
Inflamed, and the Fluids of Ascites, and that of Spina Bifida. Amer. Jour. 
Med. Sci , April, 1863. 2 plates. 17 pages. 

4. Remarks on Fungi, with an Account of Experiments Showing the Influ- 
ence of the Fungi of Wheat and Rye Straw on the Human System and Some 
Observations which Point to Them as the Probable Source of Camp Measles, and 
Perhaps of Measles Generally. Ditto , July, 1862. I plate. 20 pages. 

5. Inoculating the Human System with Straw Fungi to Protect It Against the 
Contagion of Measles, with Some Additional Observations, etc. Ditto., October, 
1862. 8 pages. 

6. Parasitic Forms Developed in Parent Epithelial Cells of the Urinary and 
Genital Organs, and in the Secretions. With 34 illustrations Ditto. , April. 1868. 

7. Remarks on the Structure Functions and Classification of the Parent 
Gland Cells, with Microscopic Investigations Relative to the Causes of the Several 
Varieties of Rheumatism, and Directions for Their Treattfient. I plate of illus- 
trations. Ditto., October, 1867. 19 pages. 

8. Microscopic Researches Relating to the Histology and Minute Anatomy of 
the Spleen and Lacteal and Lymphatic Glands^ Showing Their Ultimate Struc- 
ture and Their Organic E ements, etc. I plate. 34 pages. Ditto., April, 1866. 

9. Description of Two New Algoid Vegetations, One of which Appears to be 
the Specific Cause of Syphilis, and the Other of Gonorrhaa. 16 illustrations. 
Ditto., 1867. Also Zeischrift fur Parasitenkunde, 1873. 

10. Cause of Intermittent and Remittent Fevers, with Investigations which 
Tend to Prove that these Affections are Caused by Certain Species of Palmellce . , 
Ditto., 1866. Also in Revue Scientifique, November, 1869. 

11. Something About Cryptogams, Fermentation and Disease. St. Louis 
Med. Reporter, February, 1669. 

12. Probable Source of the Steatozoon Folticulorum. Ditto., January, 1869. 

13. Two Interesting Parasitic Diseases • One We Take from Sucking Kittens, 
and the Other from Sucking Puppies Post. Med. and Surg. Jour., June 4, 1868. 
6 illustrations. Also Zeitschrift iur Parasitenkunde, Hallier. Jena, 1875. 

14. Pus and Infection. Bost. Jour, of Chemistry. January, 1878. 

15. Defective Alimentation a Primary Cause of Disease. St. Louis Med. 
Rtp., March and April 1 and 15, 1868. 70 pages, and two plates of illustrations. 

16. Microscopic Examinations of the Blood and Vegetations Found in Variola, 
Vaccine and Typhoid Fever 66 pages, and 62 illustrations. Moorhead, Bond 

& Co., New York, 1868. 

17. Vegetations Found in the Blood of Patients Suffering from Erysipelas. 
Hallier, Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, 1873. 8 illustrations. 

18. Infusorial Catarrh and Asthma. 18 illustrations. Ditto., 1873. 

19. Malaria. McNaughton Prize Essay, 1882. W. A. Kellogg, New York, 
1885. 

20. Diphtheria-, Its Cause and Treatment. G..A. Davi^ Detroit. 3 plates, 
of illustrations. 1884. 



12 



(b.) by ephraim cutter, m. d., a. m., ll. d. 

1. Partial Syllabic Lists of the Clinical Morphologies of the Blood, Sputum, 
Feces, Skin. Urine, Vomit us. Foods, including Potable Waters, Ice and the Air, 
and the Clothing. (After Salisbury.) 8vo. pp., xviii — 8l. Published by 
Author. New York, I 730 Broadway. 1888. 

2. A New Clinical Microscope. B 'St. Jour. Chem., April, 1869. 

3. Treatment of Consumption by Animal Food. Ditto., January, 1875, 

4. Food as a Medicine in Uterine Fibroids. Amer. Jour. Obstet., Oct., 1877. 

5. Food as a Medicine in Agalaxia, Ditto., April, 1878. 

6. Microphotographs of Mammalian and Consumptive Flood, taken with the 
i-j, i-10, i- 16, i-jo, and /-yj-ineh Objectives. By Dr. E. Cutter and Dr. G. B. 
Harriman. Exhibited at the Centennial of 1876, and copies placed at Yale 
College Library and Societe Beige de Microscopie, at Brussels, Belgium. 

7. Morphology of Diseased Blood. Southern Clinic, March, 1879. 

8. Hog Cholera; Its Cause Known. The Western Rural, March, 1 879. 

9. Rhizopods as a Cause of Disease. Virginia Medical Monthly, Nov., 1879. 

10. A New Sign of the Pre-Embolic State. Chicago Medical Journal, Feb- 
uary, 1879. 

11. Diphtheria and Potatoes. B ist. Jour. Chem., February, 1879. 

12. Tolles' i-Jjth-inch Objective; Its History, Uses and Construction. Amer. 
Jour. Sci. and Arts, New Haven, August, 1879. Scientific Amer., Supplement, 
September, 1879. Journal de Micrographie, Paris, 1 879. 

13. The Salisbury Plans in Consumption. Boston Journal of Chemistry, 
November, 1879. Also other papers on same subject, Michigan Med. News, 
November, 1879; Virginia Med. Monthly, Decemb-r, 1879; Michigan Med. 
News, August 10, 1880; Transactions American Medical Association, 1880, 
Production in Animals, Rationale, etc.. seventy cases, illustrated. 

14. The Morphology of Syphilitic Blood. Amer. Jour. Den. Sci., Nov., 1878. 

15. Food as an ^Esthetic, Chemic, Kinetic and Pathologic. Amer. Jour. Den. 
Sci., January and February, 1880. 

16. Nervousness. Food and Divorce. Ther. Gaz., August, 1880. 

17. Throat Syphilis and Tubercle According to Salisbury, Amer. Laryn. 
Asso., 1880; Archives of Laryngology, December, 1880. 

18. Food; An Open Letter to J. Marion Sims, M. D., LL. D., and pub- 
lished by him in Gaillard's Journal, February, 1881. 

19. Tubercle Parasite. Amer. Med. Weekly— Gaillard's — May 27, 1882. 

20. Therapeutical Drinking of Hot Water. Amer. Med. Weekly, June 8, 
1883 ; Druggist's Circular, August, 1883; London Lancet, September 15, 1883; 
Journal de Hygiene, Paris, October 26, 1883 ; Scientific American, Ther. Gaz., 
Constitutionelle Paris, et Aliis. 

21. Diagnosis of Consumption by Means of the Microscope, with Reference to 
Life Insurance. N. Y. Medico-Legal Society, Medico- Legal Jour., June, 1886. 

22. Primer Clinical Microscope. 1879. The Author. 

23. Micrographie Contribution to the Vegetable A r alure of Croup. Proc. 
Amer. Soc. of Microscopists, August, 1882. 

ANSWER, BY JOHN ASHBURTON CUTTER, M. D., B. S., ETC. 

Your letter of encouragement,- information and commen- 
dation came to hand at a time when needed, to-wit : An old 
case of consumption, formerly under your care, had just 
had a pull back characterized b} r hemoptysis, hectic fever, 
sweats, etc., but of this more further on. You certainly are 
opposed to the conventional ideas of the day as to phthisis, 



13 

but when I consider that you have been working in micro- 
scopy since 1850, and the practice of medicine since 1856 ;. 
that you have positively cured cases of consumption, some' 
of whom are alive to-day, after fifteen or twenty years' lapse 
since leaving your hands, and that these same food plans 
have helped me with cases, called by my honored and hon- 
orable teachers of the Faculty of my medical Alma Mater, in- 
curable, I do not wonder that you are willing and anxious 
to inform me further as to food vs. bacilli in consumption. 
When I was a boy, preparing for college, you gave up a 
large country practice, moved to Cambridge, and en- 
tered into the w T ork of microphotography with great zeaL 
There was no money in it — instead, money out. But, if it 
is any satisfaction to you, I will say, that in all my medical 
studies, I have not come across any thing as to the etiology, 
diagnosis, and a means of watching a case carefully in the 
treatment of phthisis, which has been of so much value to 
me as the results of your efforts in microphotography. The 
plates are unique, elegant, clear, and tell their own story. 
I can only hope that they may be published as fully as Dr. 
Koch's researches have been. 

This is not saying that the plates in Dr. Salisbury's monu- 
mental work, " The Relation of Alimentation and Disease," 
are not of value. Instead, they are of the greatest benefit. 
The only difference between his original work and your 
corroborative is, that he, a superb artist, made representa- 
tions of morphology by the hand, and yours were made 
with instruments. 

Again, as to conventionality, my associates wonder that 
I do not stain bacilli, etc. You and Dr. Salisbury say that 
there is no time to be used in staining bacilli, but to look 
for the forms without using any reagents. In your clinical 
morphologies after Salisbury, I find in the partial syllabic 
list of the sputum, about 120 forms indicated; as some of 
the units of the number are only classifications of many 
forms, the total would run up in the hundreds, and I 
am compelled to take no time for staining, but see all I can, 
aided by a good Tolles' microscope. 

I am confronted by some who say that you are a " Salis- 



14 

bury quack," because you prescribe beef and hot water ; 
one young man admitted that Dr. Salisbury could cure 
chronic diseases, but the feeling seems to be, that it* is a poor 
plan to use about the same diet for many diseases besides 
consumption. If these gentlemen would examine " The 
Relation of Alimentation and Disease," they would find 
that there can be used as great, if not greater, delicacy in 
the prescribing of foods as any therapeutist would want. I 
will not speak here of your own work in drugs and chemi- 
cals, but will only state that mj personal intercourse with 
Dr. Salisbury has shown him to be a man of far-reaching 
knowledge in the use of drugs. This can be substantiated 
by the examination of Dr. Salisbury's work with menthol, 
years ago ; his chemical analyses in the '40's and '50's, un- 
der New York State Government observation, and his med- 
ico-legal expert testimonies at about the same time. 

Salisbury began the stud} r of Germ Diseases in 1849; you 
commenced the use of the microscope in 1850. He has 
worked originally in consumption, rheumatism, fibrsemia, 
thrombosis, embolism, anaemia, syphilis, eczema, scrofula, 
malaria, variola, vaccina, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diph- 
theria, fatty degeneration, cholestenemia, carbuncle, leu- 
cocythsemia, measles, chronic diarrhoea, etc., etc., and you 
have also worked tremendously in corroboration, and in 
other lines originally. That you gentlemen have got all 
the truth, you do not claim, but, instead, invite all to come 
in and solve the problems which have vexed and are vex- 
ing the medical profession. You have had little recogni- 
tion, though Salisbury's and my Alma Mater honored itself 
and him by granting him a prize for his essay on " Malaria." 
Your simile as to agriculture comes forcibly to me, as you 
sent me to the Massachusetts Agricultural College to get the 
scientific training given there, instead of the more literary 
like wdiich you received in the academics at Yale. These 
morphologies can be used without great expense. You carr} r 
in your Cutter clinical microscope a Tolles' J-inch objec- 
tive, for which you paid nearly one hundred dollars. After 
much solicitation by you, Mr. Tolles made cheaper objec- 
tives, one of which (a one-fourth) I cany in my clinical 



15 

microscope, and which cost only fifteen dollars. Dr. Salis- 
bury and you pronounce it a good objective, for it does the 
work needed satisfactorily. The same can be said of Tolles' 
one-inch objectives. It would, of course, be very nice if I 
had microscopes and objectives like your superb collection, 
but that collection was necessary for you to show to the 
medical w r orld that } t ou were thoroughly in earnest, and 
used the finest instruments of precision then and now in 
existence. 

It is not out of the w r ay to state that in your micropho- 
tography, you devised a clinical microscope, costing but a 
few dollars, with which you took microphotographs, w r ith 
the finest objectives, except the l-75th. Here is another 
debt of gratitude I now gladly pay in small part, by my 
very earnest thanks, for your invention of clinical micro- 
scopes, one of which I have used with ease, despatch and 
precision, in dispensary (See "Some Facts Regarding Medi- 
cal Missions and the International Medical Missionary So- 
ciety," J! A. Cutter, M. D., Albany Med. Annals, May, 1888,) 
and private practice, in diagnosticating pre-tuberculosis, tuber- 
culosis, rheumatism, fibrosis, malaria, syphilis, cholesterxmia, 
anaemia, etc., etc. I usually take this microscope in my 
hand-bag with scarificator, but have fastened it in a pack- 
age with scarificator, behind a saddle, with absolutely no 
harm to the instrument; it is only necessary to see that 
every part is screwed tight. 

But the trouble seems to be with these so-called Salisbury 
plans, as to their general adoption, that : First, Medical 
men condemn them in toto, as a professor did, who said to 
me that there was no such thing as tuberculous blood. " Are 
you willing to put yourself on record as to that, sir? Have 
you studied the morphologies of the blood, sputum, feces, 
skin, urine, vomitus and foods for many years? " He replied 
that he hadn't, and hesitated after all as to putting himself 
on record as to his belief that there was no such thing as 
tuberculous bl >od. He then asked for proofs of these things. 
I called his attention to some of the work done and pub- 
lished, of which I find more in your bibliography, that there 
were the records of cases, and that I had shown him the 



m 

proofs, and if he could not disprove tli-em- and' would not be- 
lieve them, I could do no more. 

The second cause of the non-acceptance generally of these 
plans is : Physicians take a case of consumption and en- 
deavor to treat it without any knowledge whatsoever of these 
clinical morphologies. I know you say that the ignorant 
may prescribe hot water and beef and cure diseases ; but 
they fail often, as they cannot meet complications which a 
knowledge of these morphologies allows one to do ; neither 
can they really start the case intelligently as to the use of 
adjuvants, medicines — oils for the machine, as you call 
them. Moreover, no one will ever cure every case that 
'comes along, as you say, and if they lose the first case the 
treatment is condemned. Again, to put a patient on rigid 
diet, with the baths, medicines, etc., used, needs a physician 
whose patience must be great and who can look ahead for 
future results, for the road is often dark, and the patient de- 
spairs; if the physician cannot give encouragment the case 
will die. Here is another precept that I must thank you 
for: "That people want a physician when they are sick, 
and that he is not to come to them and tell them to get 
ready to die because their appearance is bad, but instead to 
encourage them to get well." While doing all one can with 
medicine, it is my personal experience that the use of these 
so-called "Salisbury plans" is a very hard matter, and no 
physician can be too well trained for the practice of them. 

As a young man with the world before me, I have given 
in this answer some of the reasons for my faith, and can 
truly say that this faith is not without works, and that I 
have achieved ends in the short time that I have practised 
medicine which my medical alma mater (an institution re- 
quiring three years of graded work for a diploma), never 
gave me the hope of reaching. I append a few case his- 
tories : 

Case 1. In May, 18S7, 1 was called from the Dispensary 
to see an old man living in one of the large tenement houses 
of New York. He was over sixty years of age, had been a 
longshoreman and was suffering from prostration, sweats 
and cough ; slept but little. His blood showed the red cor- 



17 

puscles to be strongly massed together, fibrin filaments visi- 
ble in abundance, and also vinegar yeast in masses. I do 
not remember all of the morphological features, but I made 
a diagnosis of tuberculosis and ordered the old man to eat 
all the animal food he could get, beef, tripe, etc. (cooked, of 
course), to drink hot water four times a day, to use ammonia 
sponge baths and, gave him a tonic of cinchona, nux vomica 
and some of the fluid extracts. I was in such a hurry that 
day that I did not examine his chest, but sent my assistant, 
Dr. H. A. Minassion, a graduate of an Armenian medical 
college, and also of Bellevue, to see him later, and he re- 
turned with the diagnosis of tuberculosis, and that the dis- 
ease involved the upper part of the left lung. The old man 
stuck faithfully to what had been ordered, and greatly to Dr. 
Minassion's surprise, and somewhat to my own, as his sur- 
roundings were not of the best kind, he improved very 
much, and in August the lung lesion had nearly disappear- 
ed. In September I was called to see him, and found that 
he had been sick several days ; had caught cold by sleeping 
next to an open window. A pneumonitis developed in the 
lower half of the left lung, and, despite all I could do, he 
died in a few days. He was a Catholic, or I should have 
made an autopsy to see how much of healed tissue there was 
in the upper part of the lung. (Dr. J. Solis Cohen once 
told me that he had seen one of Dr. Salisbury's cured cases, 
in whom there had been an immense amount of disease, and 
in whose lung were now cavities thoroughly cicatrized). 

Case 2. Dr. came to see you in April, 1887, about 

studying these clinical morphologies in the American In- 
stitute of Micrology, but for certain reasons he did not make 
arrangements to commence studying then, and I invited 
him to come and see actual morphological work on con- 
sumption, syphilis, rheumatism, etc., in dispensary practice. 
This he did to quite an extent, and in the fall wished me to 
take charge of a case in Massachusetts of consumption, which 
he considered was incurable, as there were cavities present, 
so diagnosticated by himself and an older physician. I was 
to take charge of the case till he bought a microscope. This 
I did, receiving almost daily specimens of urine, feces and 
sputum. The patient, a young man of good education, 
being a graduate of Amherst College, was married, some- 
what short of funds, and had a great deal to worry him. He 
had not been told of his condition, but of which I speedily 
informed him. He went on to close diet, with tonics, am- 
monia baths and hot water, and soon was eating four pounds 
2 



18 

of meat a day. In January, 1888, Dr. took charge 

of him. The case had its ups and downs. In May or June 

Dr. wrote me that he had not been doing so well, and 

that he thought he was going to die, as his surroundings 
were too much for him. "But if he dies, I am fully con- 
vinced that these plans have done him much good," he 
added. But he improved again, and the last I heard of 
him was that he had come to New York and called to see 
me, presenting the appearance of health. This case may 
die yet, as I am more convinced every day that patients 
should be under observation for at least two years, to get, as 
Salisbury says, confirmed healthy tendencies and nerve ac- 
tion, and remove bad psychical conditions, inherited and ac- 
quired. 

Case 3. June 12, 18S8, I examined a young lady of 25, 
whose mother and a brother had died of consumption. She 
had been sick in the spring of what was called apoplexy. 
The red blood corpuscles were pale in color, diminished in 
number and ropy and sticky, so that they huddled together 
in masses. White blood corpuscles contained yeast spores, 
and in the serum were seen the mycoderma aceti free and in 
collects, beautiful crystals of cystin and uric acid and free fat. 
Urine was bilious, contained no albumen or sugar, but some 
fatty epithelia were found with the microscope. She was so 
fleshy (weighing 248 pounds) that a satisfactory examina- 
tion of the heart could not be made, but the diagnosis was 
pretuberculosis, latent rheumatism and obesity. She was 
put on the rigid plans of diet laid down in pages 122-126, 
" The Relation of Alimentation and Disease," [Salisbury] eat- 
ing only the foods therein prescribed, using as medicines 1-20 
gr. strychnia before meals, and five to ten gr. salicin after 
meals; biniodide of mercury, 1-16 of a gr. with hot water, 
ammonia baths, etc. There was great aversion to the hot 
water and meats, but the blood morphology became gradual- 
ly that of health, except when she ate forbidden food, when 
the microscope would unerringly detect the lapse in diet by 
the presence of the acetic acid plants in blood. She has 
had many pull-backs due to overwork and exercise, bringing 
her to bed with cold hands, feet and legs, pulseless wrists, 
pain in heart, head full of blood and pupils contracted, ne- 
cessitating leeching or cupping. Hoffman's anodyne with 
chloroform used. Malaria has also been diagnosticated by 
the presence of the gemiasma verdans in blood, and re- 
moved by alteratives, salicin and quinine, the latter used 
very cautiously. She has now lost nearly sixty pounds of 



19 

weight, and owns a heart, which beats with more ease and 
precision. Case in progress. The main point in this case is 
the detection and removal of the pretubercular blood mor- 
phology, both of which were done with ease and dispatch. 
Case 4. A beautiful young girl of 18, whom I first ex- 
amined May 15, 1888, complained of great nervousness and 
of inability to do all she wanted to do. She said : " I feel 
now while sitting in this chair as if I could not walk across 
this room, I am so tired." Her parents were wealthy and 
she had all that life could give. Her red blood corpuscles 
were pale in color, much diminished in number and ad- 
hered together in masses. White blood corpuscles increased 
in number. Serum showed fibrin and yeast. Diagnosis by 
blood examination, ansemia and pretuberculosis, first stage. 
She had been eating ice for a year ; craved it, and had been 
told by her family physician, when informed of her desire, 
to eat all she wanted. This gentleman, a medical professor, 
had never examined her urine, but instead had contented 
himself with giving her a tonic once in a while. Her urine 
had a specific gravity of 1032, and careful and repeated tests 
with freshly made Fehling's solution, brought invariably a 
deposit of sub-oxide of copper. No albumen ; oxalate of 
lime, triple phosphates and granular salts present. May 
28 she went on to the rigid plans as laid down in pages 
127-132, "The Relation of Alimentation and Disease," 
[Salisbury] with the exception that she did not drink the 
beef tea. The regimen was hard, but in a few r days, despite 
the drinks of hot water,, the amount of urine passed w r as but 
three pints daily, and in one week's time the sugar disap- 
peared. She was importunate for bread, and was allowed 
two mouthfuls at a meal. Diarrhoea came on, but was con- 
trolled by salicin. In four days the sugar returned. She 
was again put on rigid diet, i. e. no bread. Sugar again 
disappeared, and this time she kept longer on close diet. 
At the end of ten days she was allowed a little bread, and at 
the close of one month's treatment the sugar had not re- 
turned; the red blood corpuscles had increased in number, 
their color was brighter, the pretubercular elements had 
been starved out, and she felt that she needed no more treat- 
ment. Since the close of the treatment she has been in bet- 
ter health than for years, is no longer tired or nervous, 
craves no ice, and is thoroughly enjoying life. She may 
need further treatment, for I never believed that one 
month of dieting and medication would do what it did for 
her. But the facts are as stated, and are of great encourage- 
ment to me. 



20 

Case 5. In May, 1887, Mrs.- came to stay with us 

in New York to be under your care for one month for tuber- 
culosis. Her father and a sister had died in 1872 and 1879, 
respectively, of fibrous consumption. You had cured her 
uncle of tuberculosis. She had been in poor health since 
1879. Was married in 1881, and had borne two children. 
You found lung fibers in her sputum, an enlarged heart 
and tuberculous blood. Also an engorged, enlarged and 
misplaced womb, which was causing many reflex symptoms. 
The focus of disease (tuberculous) was through the middle, 
or just above the middle, of the left lung from before to be- 
hind. You treated her so that in one month's time the 
morphology of the blood became healthy ; the cough ceased, 
the heart was beating normally, the uterine soreness and 
lesions had disappeared, and she went home a marvel to her 
friends and relatives, who had expected her to return from 
Xew York a corpse. You pressed on her the importance of 
remembering that she had done with her great resiliency 
what it usually took one year to do. In July you saw her 
at her home and fitted one of your stem pessaries to the 
womb, which she w 7 ore for four days, but by some exceeding- 
ly unfortunate accident the disc got out of place, and the 
pessary had to be removed. As she was nearly one thousand 
miles from you, she had to content herself with other 
measures you prescribed. During the latter part of the 
summer indifferent beef gave her diarrhoea, and unavoidable 
family trouble made such a strain on her life forces, that 
she began to run down, though closely watched by you, by 
the study of specimens sent by mail; and in November, 1887, 
she came back to New York with her lung in about the 
same condition as before. From a cold caught on sleeping 
car she had an attack of congestion of lungs. She stayed 
with with us into January, when she felt it necessary to go 
home, her lung now being again healed, though the uterine 
lesion was not in a condition to satisfy you. On reaching 
home that satanic spirit, which often infects servants, con- 
taminated hers, and she was obliged to go into the kitchen 
and cook, with the result of another attack of congestion of 
lungs, followed by rheumatism. She became better, and 
one day while driving, her son, a boy of five, had to get out 
to pick up something lost in the road, and the horse be- 
coming scared necessitated her pulling the boy into the 
carriage. In about two hours sharp pains came on in the 
womb, which were not relieved till she had used iodoform 
per vaginam and morphine by the mouth. All these things 



21 

you doubtless remember. May 12th I came to make her a 
visit, and found her blood somewhat ropy, with some yeast 
present. She was then cooking, as no servant could be ob- 
tained. Did not feel well. As I was very tired, I did not 
examine her then for uterine trouble, for which I was very 
sorry afterwards. For in a few days she tuned up with 
cerebro-spinal meningitis, characterized by chills in back, 
fever, dry skin, vomiting, rapid respiration, contracted pu- 
pils, headache and delirium. I tried the much-lauded mor- 
phine treatment, with the result that she got worse Arguing 
that there was pressure on the base of the brain, I put two 
leeches on the side of head, and she became quiet, the skin 
moist and cool, the vomiting ceased, the pupils relaxed, the 
respiration normal and a natural sleep followed. But it was 
necessary to follow this up with more leeches, forty grains 
of calomel and small doses of bi-sulphate of quinine. She 
progressed slowly and steadily. The womb was enlarged 
and displaced at times — forward, then backwards, and at 
other times prolapsed. This last state must have been from 
the wrench received when pulling the boy into the carriage. 
She turned completely against beef, and ate fish, oysters, 
game and eggs against my earnest protest, as the blood mor- 
phology would not remain healthy. At times the uterine 
trouble would improve ; but in September, finding that the 
cough was increasing, lung-fiber w T as appearing in the 
sputum, and the lung was giving evidence of necrosis in 
the same place as before, I had one of your Cutter Xo. 2 
batteries made, of 8 plates of carbon, 8x1 Jx I inches, and 8 
plates of zinc, SxlJxJ inches. These were put in one pile, 
the zincs connected together, and the carbons in the same 
way. The battery was finished September 15th. She had 
in the meanwhile been on closer diet, eating beef, with 
some bread, but not enough of the former. And the date 
just noted she had a hemoptysis at 7:30, A. M ,of about four 
ounces. I was away at the time. Another hemorrhage fol- 
lowed in the afternoon, but soon after I had obtained medi- 
cines, and gave her bugle-weed and witch-hazel internally, 
using the persulphate of iron locally by spra} r . Hectic 
fever and sweats came on ; large masses of lung-fiber were 
coughed up. She came down to close animal food diet; 
acid baths, with saliciu, were used. There Avas crackling 
in the front of the left lung, and in the back could be heard 
the air bubbling amongst mucus in a cavity. But she has 
been making steady progress ; the fevers and sweats ceased 
in five days. The lung has been, and is, healing. So to- 



22 

day, four weeks from the time of these hemoptyses, there is 
no crackling in front, and behind the lung can be heard but 
a little rasping. This is marvellous, but is true to life. The 
uterine lesions have steadily improved since I have used the 
galvanic current from the battery. The plates submerged 
to one-half their length in the electropoin fluid. Two table- 
spoons were used as electrodes — the zinc electrode against 
the vulva, the other above pubis. One to one and a half 
minutes of passage of current. In fact, I find that it is bet- 
ter for me to take an electrode in one hand, and place the 
other hand above pubis. This current is painless, but re- 
lieves soreness and is reducing engorgement. 

When I consider that twice has her lung been healed, and 
is now for the third time going through the same process, I 
feel the truth of what Dr. Salisbury has said, and what you 
have written upon, " food is an agent of tremendous power." 

If she will stick to the diet, I believe she will get entirely 
well, as now her surroundings are such that there is every 
opportunity for her to do nothing but eat, drink and lay 
down new tissues. 

I remain, with great respect, your grateful son, 

John Ashburton Cutter. 

Lynwood Stock-Farm, Harrod's Creek, Ky., Oct. 13, 1888. 

Note. — Case 5 did well for a time after the above answer 
was written, but malaria was so abundant in her neighbor- 
hood that it was deemed necessary to change her climate, 
and November 8 I brought her to New York, where she 
will stay for six months, or until she is in a condition that 
fully satisfies us. To-day she can walk longer distances 
than she has been able for eight months previously to ac- 
complish, and little resembles the very sick woman she was 
in September. — J. A. Cutter, The Ariston, etc., Dec. 1, 1888. 



American Institute of Micrology. 

Medic ai. Department of Instruction. 



EPHRAIM CUTTER, M. D., LL. D., Hon. F. S. Sc. (Lond ), Principal 
JOHN ASHBURTON CUTTER, M. D., B. Sc., Assistant. 



The Ariston, Broadway and 55th Street, New York. 



SYLLABUS. 

Lesson 1. — Principles of Microscopical Investigation; Studies of the 
Hairs of Man and Plants. 

Lesson 2. — Biology and Morphology of Algae; Diatoms; Desmids; 
Zygnemacese. 

Lesson 3. — Oedogoniums : Saprolegnise ; Oscillatoriacese. 

Lesson 4. — Bacteriacese ; Yibriones. 

Lesson 5. — Protococcaceae ; Palmellacese. 

Lesson 6. — Biology and Morphology of Fungi ; Yeast; Vinegar Yeast. 

Lesson 7. — Protoplasms ; Amoeba? ; Infusoria ; Rhizopods ; Asth- 
matos Ciliaris. 

Lesson 8.— Morphology of Food and Cooking; Bread; Infants' 
Foods ; Drinking Waters. 

Lesson 9. — Morphology of Dirt. 

Lesson 10. — Morphology of Air. 

Lesson 11. — Morphology of Urine. 

Lesson 12. — Morphology of Faeces. 

Lesson 13. — Morphology of Sputa. 

Lesson 14. — Clinical Morphology of the Skin. 

Lesson 15. — Morphology of the Blood in Health. 

Lessons 16 and 17.— Morphology ot the Blood in Consumption. 

Lesson 18. — Morphology of the Blood in Syphilis. 

Lesson 19. — Morphology of the Blood in Rheumatism. 

Lesson 20. — Review. 

Lessons One Hour Each. Terms on Application. 

It is not intended for the physician to master these, but to obtain 
some practical ideas of them. Men may deal practically with potatoes, 
knowing nothing of their botany, and yet be good farmers. So may it 
be with the botany of disease. Medical practitioners can know enough 
to detect and destroy the parasites found in syphilis and consumption. 
Thus they will be qualified to express opinions as to the value of the 
microscope as a tool of precision in the diagnosis and treatment of these 
diseases. 

TEXT-BOOKS: Micrographic Dictionary, Griffith and Henfrey ; Primer 
of the Clinical Microscope, and the Clinical Morphologies of the Blood, 
Sputum, Urine, Fieces, Skin, Air, Food, including Potable Waters — Cutter 

JS^* Address as Above. 



ON THE DEATH 



-OF A- 



Cured Case of Tuberculosis Pulmonalis. 



By JOHN ASHBUKTON OUTTEE, M. D., B. Sc, 

OF NEW YORK CITY. 



[Reprinted from the Virginia Medical Monthly for September, 1S89.] 



In the December number for 1888, of the Virginia Medi- 
cal Monthly, appeared an article entitled, "Food versus Ba- 
cilli in Consumption (opus 286). An open letter from Eph- 
raim Cutter, M. D., LL. D., to his son John Ashburton Cut- 
ter, M. D., etc., with Answer." 

As the history of Case 5 given in my answer has recent- 
ly terminated in death, I feel that those that read the ar- 
ticle in question should have the privilege of reading the 
full account of this patient's life and death. 

In May, 1887, Mrs. , aged 25, came to New York 

to go under our care. Her blood was tuberculous; the spu- 
tum had lung fibres and she was also suffering from an en- 
larged and engorged womb ; the heart was hypertrophied. 
In one month of careful dieting and medication, her cough 
had disappeared, the lung gave evidence of healing, the 
blood morphology had become healthy, the heart beat easier, 
and the womb was reduced to normal size. She was urged 
to stay with us, but the understanding was when she left 
home that she should return in one month. Her case had 
shown unusual progress, and the importance of remember- 
ing that she had done with her great resiliency more in a 



month than we usually accomplished in six, was told to her. 
(Her father and a sister had died of tubercle in 1872 and 
1879, respectively ; a paternal uncle, was a cured case of pre- 
tuberculosis, accomplished in 1878 ; hence her treatment by 
us.) 

In July, my father saw her at her home in the West and 
applied a stem pessary to her womb ; this she wore with 
comfort for four days, when driving in a carriage, the disc 
became displaced and she had to take away the instrument. 
During the summer she did fairly well ; had been ordered 
to take much outdoor exercise ; this she over-did ; (there is 
such a thing as patients playing too hard as well as work- 
ing too hard.) Again, the latter part of the summer un- 
avoidable family troubles came up which worried her, and 
indifferent beef gave her diarrhoea, so that in the fall she 
had commenced to run down again. The middle of No- 
vember, 1887, arrangements were completed for her to re- 
turn to New York, which she did, travelling alone ; she 
caught cold on the sleeping-car and had an attack of con- 
gestion of the lungs on arriving here ; this set her back. 
Still she pulled out all right, and in January made up her 
mind to go home. 

To judge of her condition, let me say that a few days be- 
fore leaving, she walked with me to the top of the Metro- 
politan Opera House climbing over one hundred steps, so 
that she might hear little Josef Hoffman play. She was in 
good flesh ; no cough. On reaching her home, she walked 
nearly a mile over an icy road up hill to her house ivithout 
fatigue. 

All went well for a while till her cook left her; then en- 
sued a great deal of trouble in getting help ; the patient had 
to go into the kitchen and cook for seven farm hands be- 
sides her family ; I say, had to go into the kitchen ; this is 
hardly the truth. The patient was a woman of fine family ; 
her father had occupied the first position in his profession ; 
her mother was highly cultivated and she (the patient) pos- 
sessed one of those exquisite nervous systems that brooked 
at no delay ; she loved to carry on her household with the 
utmost precision and with comfort to her family ; indeed 
when her first child was in utero she had for one summer a 
household of seventeen which she managed successfully. 
Her husband was deeply engrossed in the laborious occupa- 
tion of handling a large stock farm, with an extensive and 
expensive plant of full-blood cattle and the apparatus need- 
ed on such a place. Neither he nor she realized the suicidal 



3 

result of her working over a hot stove ; so she in her great 
desire to keep things running smoothly, did the work she 
ought not to have done. If any one thinks cooking is easy 
work and comfortable, let him or her work over a hot stove 
and see how soon the head becomes heated. The first result 
of this cooking was an attack of congestion of the lung — the 
right one this time, not the left which was the one which 
had been implicated with tubercle. She then asked her at- 
tending physician to examine the left lung ; this he did and 
pronounced it healthy. She came out from this attack of 
congestion, and later in the spring while driving, her boy, 
aged five years, had to get out of the carriage. While he was 
climbing in, the horse started and she pulled her son in by 
one hand and severely wrenched herself in the pelvic region, 
so that sharp pains came on in the womb; these were reliev- 
ed by opium and iodoform per vaginam. 

In May, 1888, 1 came to visit her after attending the meet- 
ing of the American Medical Association at Cincinnati. 
She. was then without a servant and was cooking; did not 
feel well ; was tired ; had much pain in the top of the head ; 
blood not normal and had some yeast present in spores, free 
and in masses. Five days later she was taken sick with 
chills in back, fever, rapid respiration, contracted pupils, 
vomiting, partial opisthotonos, headache and delirium. I 
tried the much lauded morphine treatment with the result 
that she grew worse ; then applied leeches to the side of the 
head and purged her with forty grains of calomel; small 
doses of bisulphate quinine. These brought about healthy 
action, but the mischief had been done and we entered in 
on a race with Death in which he finally came out ahead. 

From a cheery, bright, hopeful person she became irrita- 
ble, despondent and at times distrustful of her friends. It 
seemed as if all the good work that had been done by her 
and her physicians was thoroughly undone. She conva- 
lesced slowly. Her nervous system was so upset that she 
hated beef. We fed her with oysters, chicken, cream, milk 
warm from the cow, fish, etc. I made up my mind to stay 
with her and follow up the case closely. In August the 
cough began to slowly come back ; increased, and despite 
my protestations and urgings that she live as she had done 
before on beef alone, the poor sick woman was so shatter- 
ed by the meningitis that she could not. Moreover, the 
womb, which had before this been only enlarged and dis- 
placed forwards or backwards, was prolapsed more or less at 
times, and there can be no doubt that the wrench received 



when she pulled the boy into the carriage had hurt her 
much. In September, the lung fibres began to appear in 
the sputum, and on the 15th of that month she had four hsem- 
optyses ; they were finally controlled by the atomization of 
liquor persulphate of iron, one part to sixty-four of water, 
and the use of bugle weed and witch hazel internally ; she 
again took to bed ; said she was going to die ; hectic fever 
came on ; bright spots on cheeks ; skin cold and sweaty ; 
pulse 120. I felt the case was desperate and despite her 
prognostications of death, finally encouraged her so that she 
came down to close beef diet, broiled ; (it makes me angry 
when educated physicians ask, "How do you do so much 
with raw beef?" The answer is, that "I never prescribe raw 
beef; do not care about filling up my patients with tape 
worms or giving them an extra job of digestion which prop- 
er cooking will accomplish.") For her cold skin and its 
sweaty condition, I used acid baths with salicin. There was 
crackling in the front of the left lung, and in the back could 
be heard the air bubbling amongst the mucus in a cavity. 
At this time I also used the primary current from a galvan- 
ic battery, in very small doses for the womb. It was truly 
wonderful to see how that woman's case improved on her 
close diet. In one week's time she was out of bed ; was soon 
out driving ; the sweats stopped and the cough greatly dimin- 
ished. 

But the latter part of October, she was so much de- 
pressed by the malaria that was present, that I decided to 
make a change of climate, and on the 8th of November I 
took her to New York. The malaria, of course, was left be- 
hind and she improved. A few weeks before Christmas, she 
decided that she would make up a box of presents for her 
little children. We feared not only the brain work of choice 
and the labor of needle work, but that the home associations 
which would be brought up by these presents would demor- 
alize her. Remember that she was in our family, but in- 
stead of the bright happy woman she had been on her pre- 
vious stays with us, she would at times give way to fits of 
despondency out of which it was very hard work to get her ; 
would take her to places of amusement and try to occupy 
her mind as much as possible so that the introspection 
would be done away with. Our fears were fully realized ; 
she had a very bad attack of homesickness, and her appetite 
for beef left her ; we then gave her as much leeway as possi- 
ble in her diet, with the result that the cough came back. 
The night sweats returned, the lung fibres again appeared in 



her sputum, and the bright spots on the cheeks showed 
that Death was again making good time in the race. 
Christmas day was, perhaps, the most wretched one that 
this poor woman ever had. (Now I have been blamed for 
taking this patient away from her friends ; it was called 
cruel, inhuman. Yet she went freely, as she knew that we 
were the only ones that had ever given her hope of getting 
well, and she had had evidence in the past that we had been 
able to do her good. Moreover, she was so situated that she 
could receive medical attention at any time.) That night 
I went into her room, and she said to me, "Doctor, I am 
going to put my appetite behind my back and eat the broil- 
ed chopped beef four times a day in my room ; I do not 
want to see any other food." This was done and in four 
days she said to me, "That beef really begins to taste good 
to me." A few days after this she had an attack of congestion 
of the lower lobe of the left lung ; this she speedily recover- 
ed from and her mother came on to be with her and keep 
away the homesickness. After the middle of January she 
never coughed again. 

In September, 1888, I had noticed a swelling by her 
throat, said nothing about it, but later, when she began to 
complain of it, we examined and found that there was a well 
defined goitre ; this would diminish and then increase, but 
after going on to rigid diet, it slowly disappeared and never 
bothered her any more. 

March, 1889, she had a severe attack of pain in the left 
side, which extended up by the heart and down the arm. It 
puzzled us till we discovered at the sigmoid flexure of the 
colon a fibrous thickening of the bowel ; the feces were pass- 
ed in small pieces, two inches long and half an inch wide, 
being flattened. Now this fibrous thickening was of the same 
nature as the excessive development of connective tissue in 
the thyroid gland before noticed. If the nutrition could be 
held on proper basis, nature in time would take it away as 
she had done with the goitre and as she had done in other 
cases of fibrous thickenings of the bowels. It must be re- 
membered that such mal-developements in the bowels are 
of poorly vitalized tissue and very prone to pain. Here was 
a woman who had had her nervous system shattered by a 
meningitis, tuberculous if you so please to call it, and it 
makes my position only the stronger. Our indication was to 
keep her comfortable, her bowels open and her nutrition as 
near to a healthy basis as possible. 

So she was fed on beef with a little vegetable food ; her 



6 

bowels were kept open with small doses of chemically pure 
sulphate of soda and the pain was controlled as best as pos- 
sible with sulphate of morphia under the skin. The first 
week in May, I took her with her mother and her little girl 
to the seashore at Buzzard's Bay, Massachusetts. Here she 
was doing quite well till the latter part of the month, when 
she became much worried over an unfortunate occurrence, 
and for three days about lost the balance of her mind ; she 
was quieted with hyoscine ; her husband came to her and it 
was decided that she had better return home and be with 
him. On the morning of the day we left, all went sailing 
and were caught in a lively squall of wind ; this instead of 
frightening, brought her out of her melancholy. 

I journeyed with her to Louisville ; she was examined by 
Dr. W. W. Boiling, who told me that her lungs were soften- 
ing in 1884 and that he considered the disease arrested. 

Fourth of July, I received word that she would not live a 
week ; so I made a hurried trip to Louisville and found that 
she had got upset and had lost ground. Her attending 
physician and I came to an understanding and I left her 
quite comfortable after a four days' stay. She rode out with 
me twice ; the fibrous thickening at the sigmoid flexure was 
undoubtedly less than it had been since March. On my re- 
turn home, she did well for two weeks ; took less morphine ; 
was easy in her mind ; calm and trustful ; but malaria at- 
tacked her and I still think there was some ptomaine poi- 
soning from pepsin ; at any rate, there came on an ex- 
cessive fermentation, agonizing pain, and she gradually 
sank, dying on the 6th of August. Thus ended a brave 
life. 

Conclusions. — 1. This case had undoubtedly the tubercu- 
lous diathesis. 

2. She had a fine mind, was of the nervous temperament 
and whatever she did, she did to the utmost of her ability, 
and at times wasted her life forces. Her mother often said 
to me, " Doctor, if my daughter is ever restored to health, 
she will wear herself out with work." 

3. Some blame us for being so rigid in our dietary ; they 
ask why do you not give milk, eggs, cream, fats, etc. ? Now 
this woman tried a pretty liberal diet after the meningitis 
with the result that she had hemoptyses and her lung was 
only repaired by rigid diet. It makes no difference to us 
what we give our patients — we want to cure them ; and if our 



experience shows us that one food is better than another, we 
would be fools if we did not follow the indications. Many 
men criticise us for the way we handle consumption, but we 
look in vain for our critics to publish cases of cures as well 
as the deaths, as my father did in 1880 in the Transactions of 
the American Medical Association, in which he gave 70 
cases, 27 of which were cures. 

4. It takes nerve force to live ; also to get well. This wo- 
man's lung was healed, in May, 1887, and in November, 
1887; then came the terrible meningitis undoing every- 
thing ; yet the lung was healed again in October after the 
hemoptyses, and when it broke down for the last time, in 
December, and she went on rigid diet, which she followed 
up closely to her death, cough ceased in January and was 
never heard again. 

5. What evidence have I that her lung was healed, again 
andagain? (a.) The examinations made at various times, the 
last in June, 1889, by my distinguished father, Dr. Ephraim 
Cutter. If any doubt his ability to make a correct diagnosis 
of lung lesions, then they must pass on the judgment of the 
Boylston prize committee of Harvard University, which in 
1857, granted him a prize for his essay on "Under what 
Circumstances do the Usual Signs Furnished by Ausculta- 
tion and Percussion prove Fallacious?" (b.) In February, 
1888, she was examined by Dr. Beard, of Kentucky, who 
said her lung was healed, (c.) June, 1889, she was examin- 
ed by Dr. Boiling, of Louisville, who gave the same testi- 
mony as before noted, (d.) Lastly my own, even if preju- 
diced (?) I was with her continuously from May, 1888, to 
June, 1889 ; saw her in the summer of 1888, when she could 
not live on the diet, go gradually down till the lungs ne- 
crosed ; also witnessed the blood morphology peculiar to tu- 
berculosis gradually increase till it was in its worst stage ; I 
saw the blood morphology improved and become normal at 
the same time her lung did. 

6. If then this Case did not die of tuberculosis pulmonalis, what 
did she die off 

Answer. — Though the lung was healed and bowel lesion 
was improved, she was simply so tired out with getting well 



8 

so many times and fighting the pain, that when upset by 
the malaria and perhaps the ptomaine poisoning, life was 
snuffed out as a candle is. 

In closing, let me pay a tribute to the bravery of this wo- 
man, who even after shattered by a meningitis, still fought 
for life. 

The Ariston, Broadway and Fifty-fifth Street. 

Note. — Those who would like more reading on the cure of 
tuberculosis, will find some valuable information in the 
Transactions of the American Medical Association for 1880, 
pp. 339-408. Here are contributed the histories of seventy 
cases by my father ; seventeen non-arrests ; twenty-six tem- 
porary arrests, and twenty-seven arrests. It is my belief that 
any one who reads this remarkable set of cases — taking those 
that died with those that were cured, and the prelude that 
my father gives to the article in question, in which he says 
he considers that consumption is a curable disease — will 
say that we had good reasons to hold on to this case as we 
did. Moreover, I think those that blamed us for saying 
that this woman was curable, both practitioners of medicine 
and laymen, who also said that they knew all about the 
matter and that nothing could be done for her, will now 
think that perhaps they have not comprehended the whole 
subject, and before passing opinion on a matter with which 
they were not fully acquainted, they should have visited or 
corresponded with some of the cases of permanent arrest. 
As the history now stands, my patient, with whom I fought 
Death for months, is at rest ; but the practitioner who says 
that her lung was not healed, and that tuberculosis is in- 
curable, occupies a dangerous position, from the agnosticism 
of which I pray to be delivered, and trust when I am sick 
that I shall be treated by positive medicine, which is not 
afraid of death, but will use all its powers to comfort and 
cure me. J. A. C. 



Male Neurasthenia. 

New Cause and Treatment — A Preliminary Report. 



Presented to the Richmond Medical and Surgical Society, January 23d, 1890, 

By EPHRALM CUTTER, M. D., 

Harvard and University of Pennsylvania ; M. A., Yale ; IX. D., Iowa College ; Mem- 
ber Committee of Dietetics of the American Medical Association. 



[ Reprinted from the Virginia Medical Monthly for February, 1S90. 



Among the prolific and diverse labors of the late Dr. G. 
M. Beard, the fixing of the meaning of the term "neuras- 
thenia" was a prominent one. The conventional nomen- 
clature of the causes of death of the present day shows the 
results of his work. What else means the term ''heart-fail- 
ure'' but a nervous prostration of that organ, as verified by 
post-mortem examinations, where no lesion of the heart is 
found to account for the sudden death'/ Apparently, all 
are satisfied with this terminology; but we think it is time 
to look further, and inquire into the causes of this neuras- 
thenia. We know that it has been ably done, but we do not 
think that one causative lesion of it with which we have be- 
come familiar is well known; and, acting on the principle, 
that if any one knows, or thinks he knows, something new 
as to the cause and cure of disease, it is his duty to impart 
that knowledge, even though it should prove he is mistaken ; 
this is writ. 



2 % MALE NEURASTHENIA — CUTTER. 

Historical Matters. — Some thirty years ago the writer 
was Secretary of the Middlesex (Mass.) East District Medi- 
cal Society, and, on being requested by me to do so, one 

of the members, Dr. , of , kindly stated 

his case to the Society, and asked for opinions and treat- 
ment. It dealt entirely with neurotic symptoms, which va- 
ried from time to time, and showed a lack of nerve force, 
without any organic disease, which could be detected. The 
case was a poser; no expression of opinion nor of treatment 
could be drawn from the members. The doctor himself 
was a bright, careful, intelligent observer; and his relation 
showed that he had skilfully treated himself up to the stand- 
ard of the then present state of knowledge. 

After a series of cases had been worked up for several 
years, on which this paper is based, Dr. 's case oc- 
curred to mind, and he gratified me by sending, at my re- 
quest, seven one-ounce bottles of morning urine voided on 
seven successive days. These specimens, when subjected to 
physical exploration, showed the presence of a protoplasmic or 
colloid discharge, which, in other cases, had been to me a suf- 
ficient evidence of one cause of male neurasthenia, and 
which it is proposed to explain. 

Morphological Evidence. — This physical sign is found 
in the morphology of the urine. (See the Clinical Morphol- 
ogies, E. Cutter, New York, 1888, p. 45.) It is not that ob- 
servers have not noticed this discharge: they have, still they 
have regarded it of no pathological significance. Where 
we differ from them is that we do regard it as a valu- 
able diagnostic sign of the male neurasthenia. The way 
this difference of view came about was as follows: Since 
1880, I have made a practice of studying the morphology 
of the urine of patients, sometimes daily for weeks and months. 
But coming upon neurotic cases, in which this colloid dis- 
charge was the only appreciable lesion, and finding that 
when such cases were treated and the catarrhal condition 
removed, they always improved, and so long as the patient 
would follow out the directions, the improvement continued, 



MALE NEURASTHENIA — CUTTER. 3 

I was led to take the position here given, and I feel con- 
vinced that this complaint is a very common one, occurring 
often in old and young business men and students who ap- 
parently are well, save that their complaints of irritability, 
pains, sometimes excruciating, making them express them- 
selves in terms which appear, to those most interested about 
them, whimsical, nonsensical, or, as we used to say in our 
boyhood, " hypoey." And I might remark here that I now 
think that, if those cases I knew of in my boyhood, and 
were known to the whole community in which they dwelt 
as "hypoey," could have had the benefit of what is now 
understood, they would have passed from the opprobria 
which rested upon them by proving that there was a physi- 
cal foundation for their condition, just as the women who 
had the same term applied to them in those days would 
have been relieved by finding some gynecological disease. 

What to Look For. — In a case of male neurasthenia, 
which comes to you with a long story of aches, pains, weak- 
nesses, and sufferings, which appears so momentous that you 
wonder how the sufferer could be alive, and of having want 
of confidence in the medical profession to discover the seat 
of his complaint or to relieve him. Usually there is a de- 
gree of self-confidence and positiveness of statement in his 
own conviction, which reminds us of the same qualities we 
find in our better-halves. You look the case all over care- 
fully; no lesion is found to explain such a great departure 
from normal innervation. You examine the urine; it ap- 
pears clear, amber-colored, of good specific gravity, normal 
odor, and all that is seen, if you allow it to stand over night, 
is a light protoplasmic cloud, occupying, sometimes, the 
whole of the lower half of the vial. You cannot tell by 
the naked eye the characters of this discharge. It is put 
under the microscope, and the deposit is not made up of 
triple phosphates or urates; but if you use (as you had bet- 
ter use) a one-inch objective — which is a good one, and the 
best are none too good — you will find, if the case is a typi- 
cal one, collections of gluey (colloid) viscid matter, with no 



4 MALE NEURASTHENIA CUTTER. 

extra amount of mucous corpuscles or mucous epithelial 
cells, moulded in shapes like Indian clubs, varying in color 
from white to a brown; then, if you look further, skeins of 
colloid matter, curled up in fanciful shapes, sometimes sep- 
arated into single filaments, and sometimes filling the field 
so full of the Hogarth lines of beauty that you cannot help 
expressing your surprise, perhaps to the discomfort of your 
anxious patient. Besides this, the discharge is sometimes 
diffused through the urine in a light, fleecy, unorganized 
cloud, which it is somewhat difficult to recognize, unless one 
is familiar with protoplasmic studies. Although these three 
forms are sometimes found together, still they are often 
found separate, so that, in enumerating them, we speak, 
first, of the protoplasmic; second, of skeins; third, of Indian 
clubs, Next, you must examine seven successive specimens of 
seven days, i. e., one of each day, the first urine voided on 
rising. It has not seemed justifiable, in a chronic case, to 
base the diagnosis on one examination. For example, sper- 
matozoa may be normally discharged once or twice a month, 
and if you happen to get a specimen on the day of that 
normal discharge, it will be unwise to jump into the conclu- 
sion that the case is one of spermatorrhoea. 

Spermatorrhoea, according to my experience of thirty-six 
years, is a rare disease, and the diagnosis of it is not com- 
plete unless the forms are found very much oftener than the 
normal discharge. 

I may be wrong, but I do not consider the finding of the 
colloid secretion in one specimen evidence enough ; it must 
be found in a majority of the discharges for the days of the 
week. When you study urine daily, you will find that it 
varies very much. For example, in the cases in question I 
have been very much surprised, in times past, to find them 
alternating on some days with albumen, casts of the kidney 
tubes, and fatty epithelia, which I regard as diagnostic of 
Bright's disease. It would be very interesting to enter in 
on the relationship of these two pathological conditions, 
but such a consideration must be deferred to the regular 



MALE NEURASTHENIA — CUTTER. 5 

paper. I am not an agnostic as to the curability of Bright's 
disease, for my son- and I exhibited three cases of cure at 
Newport at the American Medical Association June, 1889. 
(See " Trophopathy in the Fatty and Fibroid Degenerations," 
Dietetic Gazette, December, 1889: Medical Bulletin, January, 
1890; Virginia Medical Monthly, January, 1890, and other 
journals.) I will say, however, that the kinship is in the 
food consumed by the patient. 

As to the Importance of this Form of Neurasthe- 
nia. — When first acquainted with this disease, J knew it was 
hard to bear, but did not think it was dangerous; but I 
have had patients die with it, and the autopsies showed no 
sufficient cause of death. The manner of going out was 
with a sudden failure of the heart as if there was not 
enough nerve force to run it; so I am led to take a more se- 
rious prognosis. The patients may live, like Dr. •, 

for thirty years, and though he considers that his life has 
been prolonged by the disease, because it has made him 
careful, where he would have been careless, I believe there 
is danger, especially as the urine will alternate with albu- 
minuria, fatty epithelia, and renal casts as before noted. 
This complaint is not due to sexual abuse, i. e., as a sole 
cause; it is a food disease. The catarrh is mainly from the 
ducts of the prostate and spermatic glands. 

Principles of Treatment. — The indications are to build 
up the system on food that does not ferment in the alimen- 
tary canal and paralyze different parts of the body which 
are the weakest. This is done by generally giving the pa- 
tient one food from the animal kingdom and one food from 
the vegetable kingdom at a meal. Attention must be paid 
to digestion, some good tonic nervines, as strychnia, dami- 
ana, and phosphorus, sponge baths of ammonia and water 
used daily to restore the skin to good working condition. 
The urine must be examined often — at least once a week, 
better thrice. The patient must go on treatment for from 
six months to a year, and be carefully watched, to see when 
he gets his urine right that it stays right. We cannot give 



6 MALE NEURASTHENIA — CUTTER. 

here the full directions for diet and medication, as each case 
is a law unto itself, and must be worked up carefully and 
handled carefully. If the practitioner will do this, he will 
find himself rewarded, and his patient will be veiy grateful. 
We hope to amplify this more for the next meeting of the 
American Medical Association before the Committee of Die- 
tetics. 

"The Ariston" Broadway and Fifty-fifth St., New York. 



TROPHOPATHY 



IN THE 



FATTY and FIBROID DEGENERATIONS: 



A JOINT PAPER 

BY 
EPHRAIM CUTTER, A.M., M.D., LL.D., 

AND 

JOHN ASHBURTON CUTTER, M.D., B.Sc. 



Read by the Junior Writer before the Section of Practice of 

Medicine, Materia Medica and Physiology of the 

American Medical Association, at its 

Fortieth Annual Meeting, 1889. 



Published in full in " The Medical Bulletin" January, 1890 ; the " Virginia Medical 

Monthly,'" Richmond, January, 1890 ; the "New England Medical Monthly," 

February, 1890 ; the " Southern Practitioner" February, 1890 ; The 

Journal of the American Medical Association, March^ 

1890; and in Abstract in the "Dietetic Gazette" 

December, 1889, and " The Doctor," 

September, 1889. 



NEW YORK : 

THE ARISTON, BROADWAY AND FIFTY-FIFTH STREET. 

189O. 



TROPHOPATHY 



IN THE 



FATTY AND FIBROID DEGENERATIONS. 

(the following is an abstract ) 



^HE animus of this contribution is the belief of 
-^ the writers that trophopathy (trophos, food, 
pathos, disease) has more to do with the cause and 
cure of the so-called incurable diseases than the pro- 
fession gives credit to ; and to show that our belief is 
founded on facts, we will immediately proceed to the 
consideration of the subject in the concrete by the 
reading of some histories of patients that have been 
under our care: 

Case I. Brighfs Disease, Cirrhosis of the Liver, 
and Enlarged Heart. — January, 1886, a man aged 
forty-six went under treatment for the troubles as 
noted in the heading. His case appeared entirely 
hopeless; but believing that a physician has never 
the right to act as a judge and condemn a man to 
death, his case v; as undertaken, w T ith the happy result 
that to-day he is now in robust health, and would be 
present at this meeting if our letter notifying him of 
our desire that he should come here for your inspec- 
tion had not miscarried. This man had full-fledged 
Bright' s disease besides his other troubles ; we do not 
consider any case full-fledged Brighfs disease unless 
there are in the urine albumin, casts, and fatty epi- 
thelia. We are continually getting cases which may 
have any one or two of these three signs ; such cases 
are hovering on the border line of health and well- 
marked disease, and are very amenable to treatment. 



Such wavering from health would oftener be detected 
if physicians would make more thorough examina- 
tions of the urine ; taking six specimens from six 
consecutive days, it is wonderful to see the variance 
from day to day. 

Case II. Bright' s Disease of Kidneys and per- 
haps of Lungs. — The late Dr. Louis Elsberg went 
under the senior writer's care one year before his 
death, for full-fledged Bright' s disease. He was 
dieted, but would take no medicine. The abnormal 
condition of the urine was changed to that of health. 
He was then warned that he must not eat all of 
the starches and sugars which are so often catered 
to our tastes ; but the warning was disregarded, 
and the medical world knows how his life went 
out, as a candle is snuffed, by what was thought 
to be pneumonia, but perhaps was Brighfs disease 
of the lungs. 

Case III. Brighfs Disease of Kidneys and 
Lungs; Improvement; Death on endeavoring to 
handle his own case. — A millionaire was treated for 
two months and with much improvement; then, 
feeling too poor, he undertook the care of his case, 
ate wrongly, overworked, and was poisoned with 
sewer gas. The troubles came back with full force, 
and he died. 

Case IV. Acute Fatty Degeneration of the Kid- 
neys, Placenta, and Cerebral Blood Vessels.-. — 
Primipara, 1880. Albumin, casts, and fatty epithelia 
were found in the urine. Placenta was covered 
with plates of cholesterin; rupture of cerebral blood 
vessels two days after delivery; convulsions for 
thirty-six hours ; after the convulsions she was given 
beef tea ad libitum, and in a few days beefsteak broiled. 
She improved steadily ; on the solicitation of her 
parents hop tea was allowed, but she needed no 
medicines beyond the food medicine. This was in 
1880. She is well to-day and has borne two more 
children; the face, which was drawn to one side, is 



even now. (See N. E. Medical Monthly, February „ 
1888, E. Cutter.) 

Case V. Fibrous Consumption, Bright' s Disease, 
and small Fibroid Tumor of the Womb. — Lady, mid- 
dle-aged, went under treatment for the troubles just 
noted, with the result of cessation of cough, healing 
of lungs, disappearance of the morphological and 
chemical evidences of Bright's disease. The tumor 
has migrated, gone. 

Case VI. 1886. Bright } s Disease. — This case 
had an unusual number of casts and fatty epithelia in 
the urine, besides the albumin. Treated, cured and 
remains so. 

Case VII. 1886. Bright' s Disease. — Man, aged 
sixty. There w r as a disappearance of the evidences 
of his disease while under treatment; re-appearance 
occurred to a certain extent; June 18, 1889, there were 
no casts, no fatty epithelia, and but a trace of albumin 
in urine. Is treasurer of a great missionary society, 
and has a heavy responsibility to carry, besides doing 
much literary work. 

Case VIII. 1877. Bright's Disease. Cured. 
Remains so, 1886 — It was decided to infuse blood 
into veins, but, on finding patient could eat tripe, 
was placed on it, and, the stomach accepting it, 
transfusion was postponed. It took two years 
to get her well ; she ate tripe, beef, and drank milk 
warm from the cow. 

Case IX. 1882. A, B., aged twenty -four. Un- 
married. Uterine Fibroid, interstitial, hard, invest- 
ing the whole IVomb and extending above the Na- 
vel. — She followed the food directions faithfully, 
and was rewarded by the entire disappearance of 
the tumor. Gynecological agnostics who say when 
a case of fibroid tumor is reported as cured by 
galvanism or by food, or by both, " The cure was 
effected by the menopause," will not get much 
comfort from the history of this case, if it be a 



comfort to them to know that their predictions of 
failure are at times realized. 

Case X. 1882. Mr. , aged sixty. Fibroid 

of Stomach, with enlarged Liver. — After hard work, 
and by nourishment per rectum, the patient's condi- 
tion was so improved that he could take food by the 
mouth. He was cured, and remains so, 1889. He 
would be here to-day for inspection, if business 
did not prevent. 

Cases XL, XII., and XIII. All of Brighfs 
disease, 1879, 1881, and 1884. Cases XL and 
XII. aged about sixty years at time of treatment ; 
Case XIII. aged twenty-four. — All are cured and 
here to-day for inspection. 

Case XIV. 1876. Woman, aged forty-two, sick 
in bed from grief at tlie death of her last surviving 
daughter; cardiac hypertrophy and insufficiency of 
left auriculo-ventricular valve ; angina pectoris ; four 
hard, marble-like tumors behind the uterus ; severe 
stinging pain in pelvis ; father died of cancer of 
the stomach. — Patient was fed against the appetite 
with beef, with the following results : 1. Heart nor- 
mal in size. 2. Valvular insufficiency hardly per- 
ceptible. 3. Angina pectoris gone. 4. Uterine 
disease relieved ; tumors gone, uterus mobile, dis- 
charge normal. 5. Urine clear as champagne, 
1.015-1.020 specific gravity; no odor; no deposit 
on cooling. 6. Restoration to active duties as 
housekeeper and mother of the family. This case 
"is a living argument that we cannot ignore," 
being present at Newport to-day. 

Many more cases could be given. Moreover, 
we would like to go into the etiological part of 
the subject, but must leave the consideration of 
that for another time. 



These cases were treated on a general plan after 
the following directions : Food, .first and last, held to 



as the hope ; for we believed that unless the nutrition 
was placed on a normal basis there was little chance 
of changing diseased into healthy tissues. As the 
whole body is constantly undergoing change, we ar- 
gued that if Nature could be given the greatest pos- 
sible chance she would do her best to lay down healthy 
structures in place of the diseased. Medicines were 
not eschewed; instead they were used as oils for the 
machine, and in every possible way the healthy nutri- 
tion was helped along. There is such a thing as 
giving too much and also too little medicine; every 
case is a law unto itself. To treat cases of chronic 
disease requires a thorough knowledge of anatomy, 
histology, physiology, pathology, materia medica, 
climatology, diathesis, temperament and trophology. 
The patient must be watched by the clinical mor- 
phology of the blood, sputum, faeces, urine, and 
skin. The aim must be to get every gland in the 
body working accurately and easily, with the mini- 
mum expenditure of nerve force ; and, our experi- 
ence for it, if you can get the patient's nutrition 
on a healthy basis, if he will cease worrying and 
stop introspection, will place his hand in yours 
and allow you to lead him on, trusting you as a 
child does his mother, and you, putting faith in 
the means at hand, will also look forward to a 
cure, then, gentlemen, we believe that you will have 
the happy result of curing those commonly called 
incurable. 

There is great difference of opinion as to the use 
of foods in treating disease; but the question is not 
of opinions but of the case which is being treated. 
A careful study of the patient once, twice, thrice a 
week or oftener is necessary, and the facts observed 
by morphological and chemical examinations will 
unerringly tell the practitioner whether he is right 
or wrong in the dietary he is using for his patient. 
Moreover, as cases improve, the foods allowed may 
be carefully increased in number and variety; and 



here again the need of frequent examinations is im- 
pressed, to ascertain whether the healthy states 
induced by rigid dieting have become confirmed ; 
if not, the case must be put back again till the 
system is ready for the more varied dietary. 



Bibliography (Partial List). 
Dr. Ephraim Cutter. 

Feeding Patients against the Appetite. Medical Register, 

1887. 
Diet in Cancer. Albany Medical Annals, July and August, 

1887. 
Food as an ^Esthetic, Chemic, Pathologic, and Physiologic. 

American Journal of Dental Sciences, December, 1879 J 

January, 1880. 
Is Flour our Proper Food? Transactions of New Hamp- 
shire State Medical Society, 1875. Also, The Doctor, 

January and February, 1890. 
The Clinical Morphologies of the Blood, Sputum, Urine, 

etc. The Author, 1888. 
Therapeutical Drinking of Hot Water. New York, W. A. 

Kellogg, 1883. 
Seventy Cases of Consumption. Transactions American 

Medical Association, 1880, pages 339-408. 
Food. An Open Letter to the late J. Marion Sims, M.D., 

LL.D., and published in Gaillard's Medical Journal, 

February, 1 88 1. 
Tubercle Parasite. Scientific American, June 3d, 1882. 
Food in Motherhood. London, David Stott, 1890, 



Dr. John A. Cutter. 

Clinical Morphology versus Bacteriology, with some Thera- 
peutic Deductions. Read before the Mississippi Valley 
Medical Association, September, 1889. Published in 
the Medical Bulletin, October, 1889; Weekly Medical 
Review, Virginia Medical Monthly, Albany Medical 
Annals, Southern Practitioner, the Alabama Medical 
and Surgical Age, New England Medical Monthly, and 
The Doctor. 



CLEANED WHOLE WHEAT 

BY 

EPHRAIM CUTTER. M.D., LL.D. 



In August, 1884, I was at my brother-in-law's grist- 
mill and noticed the Michigan winter wheat as it came 
through the smut-mill, clean and fair, ready to be 
ground up into "Arlington (Mass.) wheat meal." 
The idea struck me, Why not use this cleaned wheat 
for food ? It is free from dirt and contains all the form 
and chemical elements in proper proportions for 
nourishment that our Creator intended mankind should 
have when wheat is eaten. We do not crack or grind up 
other fruits, as tomatoes, bananas, potatoes, etc., a long 
time before they are eaten. Nor do we deprive them 
of their natural protective garments and mechanically 
separate their form elements, so that one-half at least 
of the nutritious qualities are taken away and fed to 
animals as we do in wheat. If the above-named fruits 
were subjected to such treatment they would become 
unfit to eat. Why not, I thought, get the aroma and 
bouquet of the wheat in the cooking, and not lose it in 
the milling ? Acting on this impulse, I took home with 
me a half-bushel of the cleaned whole wheat and put 
my family upon it to see how long they could live on 
it without tiring. The experiment has been carried out 
up to the present time (a period approaching three 
years) with no signs of tiring. More time, then, must 
be taken to sicken my people of it. 

Note. — This is not saying that we lived on whole wheat alone 
for the last three years; we have eaten other foods, but the wheat 
has been cooked daily and often has been placed on the table 
at all three meals. 



MODES OF COOKING. 

My wife, who is my authority, after many trials of 
hers and my own (in which I was laughed at) gives 
the following: To cook cleaned whole wheat — an 
amount sufficient for four adults — take one cupful of 
wheat, wash it clean in cold water; put it in a tin pail 
or crockery bowl, or other suitable utensil, and add 
one-half a teaspoonful of salt and three cups of cold 
water. Then suspend the pail in a pot of cold water, 
set it on a heated stove, and boil for eight or ten hours. 
Or cook for the same time in a double water-jacket 
boiler. (A common glue pot does well for small 
quantities.) Or cook for the same time in a " Cham- 
berlain " or other steam-cooker. When cooked it 
should be soft, adhesive, glutinous and easily masti- 
cated. Serve with butter, or milk, or cream, or eat 
it without — as the Asiatics eat rice with no season- 
ins:. If the cooking is well done, there is an agree- 
able nutty flavor of the wheat, which corresponds 
to the bouquet of grapes. This flavor seems to be 
lost when the wheat is cracked, crushed, or ground long- 
before cooking. If this flavor is not desired, the cleaned 
whole wheat may be pounded in a mortar, or run 
through a coffee mill. This will shorten the time of 
cooking to four hours and less. 

ADVANTAGES. 

This is a perfect food and gives all the body's tissues 
a chance to be fed and nourished. It is intended that 
this should take the place of oatmeal, which has less 
gluten as compared with wheat, and is harder to digest. 
It is better than flour. Magendie fed dogs on flour 
exclusively, and they died in forty days, while other 
dogs thrived on whole wheat. Judge Abbott, of Bos- 



ton, once told me of some shipwrecked sailors who 
were obliged to live on flour alone, and were nearly 
starved. They could have lived on wheat. It is more 
economical than flour. It goes further, feeds better 
and gives more nutritive results than flour. Hence 
when money is scarce and resources have to be hus- 
banded (or " wifed," it may be more truly said), a resort 
to this food will be very satisfactory. The objection 
to the tegumentary coats is not so great as some sup- 
pose. I have practically tested this point to my satis- 
faction with my patients. This food is free from yeast, 
and hence less liable to fermentation in the alimen- 
tary canal. The danger of loss of health on this food 
is much less than on flour and sugar. 

HOME MISSIONARIES. 

When so much is said of the privation of Home 
Missionaries and their ill-health, in wheat-srrowiner dis- 
tricts, the thought has occurred, How much might be 
saved if this form of food was well known, and pop- 
ular ! Even if there are no smut-mills, the wheat could 
be used, on a pinch, just as the old Roman soldiers 
lived on it, carrying a bag of wheat in one's pocket 
on his marches, and chewing it at will. The less sugar 
used the better, as all the starch of the wheat has to 
be converted into glucose before assimilation. If 
people were taught to use less sugar, they would know 
more about the natural flavors of different foods ; 
would like them just as well, if not better, and have 
much improved health in the bargain. 



Written for the Home Missionary; later published in the Medical 
Register, the Albany Medical Annals, the Medical Missionary Re- 
cord, and the Popular Science News ; Read before the Society of 
Science, Letters and Art, London. 



American Institute of Micrology. 

FOUNDED IN 1879. 

Medical Department of instruction. 



EPHRAIM CUTTER. M.D., LL.D., Hon. F.S.Sc. (Lond.), Principal. 
JOHN ASHBURTON CUTTER, M.D., B.Sc, Assistant. 



rriEaiiE: ^- r, i s t o ^r, 
BROADWAY AND 55M STREET, NEW YORK. 



SYLLABUS. 

LESSON I. — Principles of Microscopical Investigation ; Studies of the Hairs 
of Man and Plants. 

Lesson 2. — Biology and Morphology of Algae ; Diatoms ; Desmids ; Zyg- 
nemae. 

Lesson 3 — CEdogoniums ; Saprolegniae ; Oscillatoriaceae. 

Lesson 4. — Bacteriaceae ; Vibriones. 

Lesson 5. — Protococcaceae ; Palmellaceae. 

Lesson 6. — Biology and Morphology of Fungi ; Yeast ; Vinegar Yeast. 

Lesson 7. — Protoplasms ; Amoebae ; Infusoria ; Rhizopods ; Asthmatos 
Ciliaris. 

Lesson 8. — Morphology of Food and Cooking ; Bread ; Infants' Foods ; 
Drinking Waters. 

Lesson 9. — Morphology of Dirt. 

Lesson 10. — Morphology of Air. 

Lesson ii. — Morphology of Urine. 

Lesson 12. — Morphology of Faeces. 

Lesson 13. — Morphology of Sputa. 

Lesson 14. — Clinical Morphology of the Skin. 

Lesson 15. — Morphology of the Blood in Health. 

Lessons 16 and 17. — Morphology of the Blood in Consumption. 

Lesson 18. — Morphology of the Blood in Syphilis. 

Lesson 19.— Morphology of the Blood in Rheumatism. 

Lesson 20. — Review. 

Lessons one hour each. Terms on application. 

It is not intended for the physician to master these, but to obtain some prac- 
tical ideas of them. Men may deal practically with potatoes knowing nothing 
of their botany, and yet be good farmers. So may it be with the botany of 
disease. Medicaf practitioners can know enough to detect and destroy the par- 
asites found in syphilis and consumption. Thus they will be qualified to ex- 
press opinions as to the value of the microscope as a tool of precision in the 
diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. 

Text-Books. — Micrographic Dictionary, Griffith &> Henfrey ; Primer of 
the Clinical Microscope, and The Clinical Morphologies of the Blood, Sputum, 
Faeces, Skin Urine, Vomitus, Foods, Clothing, Vaginal Discharges and Soils. 
—Cutter. ADDRESS AS ABOVE. 



Heartrest Sanatory, 

MOTT AVENUE AND 165th STREET, NEW YORK. 



Address comniufiications to Dr. John A. Cutter, Business Manager , 
The Ariston, Broadway and ^th Street, New York. 



CIRCULARS OF INFORMATION. 
No. 1. General circular of information. 
No. 2. Consumption of the Lungs. 
No. 3. Diet in Tumor and Cancer. 
No. 4. Bright' s Disease, Impending Apoplexy, Paralysis, 

Cataract, and Fatty Heart. 
No. 5. Asthma, Hay Fever, Bronchitis, and La Grippe. 
No. 6. Heart Diseases and Rheumatism. 
No. 7. Diseases of Women. 



The aim is to heal those cases of chronic disease commonly 
called incurable. 

The Sanatory is located on high ground, in a square 
plot bounded on three sides as above and by Sheridan 
Avenue, commanding a fine view. The drainage is new ; 
buildings are spacious and surroundings good. 

It is approached by the West Side Elevated Roads to 
155th Street, thence by carriage; from Grand Central 
Depot by Harlem Railroad to Mott Haven Station, thence 
by carriage; and from Melrose Station, on the same rail- 
road, ten minutes' walk. 

The results that we have achieved in our work in 
Heartrest Sanatory show the greater value of an insti- 
tution of its kind than the means afforded in handling 
cases in private practice. 



All rights reserved. Copyright, 1891. 



The distinguished editor of the Louisville Courier Jour- 
nal, Henry Watterson, has said that New York is the 
best watering place in the country. He is right. 

Granted that many people fall in the streets, overcome 
by heat, during the spells of high temperature, and that 
the death rate amongst children rises at the same time. 
It must be remembered that on Manhattan Island are im- 
mense piles of brick and stone in our lofty buildings, and 
on the thousands of miles of streets millions of square 
feet of pavement, all of which absorb heat and throw 
it off during the night ; also, that New York is the busiest 
and swiftest city in the world, and that men who have not 
learned to take it easy and " go slow" during the heated 
term will come to grief. The mortality amongst babes 
rises because they are poorly fed and, if living in the old- 
fashioned tenements, get but little air. 

We have had some practical experience in treating 
children in dispensary practice amongst the poor. Go 
into a tenement that has been modelled out of an old 
house, and in one moment the sweat will be pouring out 
all over the body, the heat is so oppressive; but enter one 
of the newly built tenements, in which ventilation has 
been effected by shafts, and windows opening into them, 
and you will find it cooler than on many a farm. 

Why ? Because New York is surrounded by 
water and rarely fails to have breezes coming 
from it. 

Our own home for the last five years has been on the 
eighth floor of a large apartment house. Some of us have 
lived in it all summer, and prefer such a residence to an 
outing- in uncomfortable out-of-town resorts. 

Our Sanatory, standing on a high hill within the city 
limits, i,n a large plot of land, away from granite-paved 
streets and large masses of brick, stone, and mortar, has, 
to us, solved satisfactorily the problem of a place for our 
patients, who need not be away from the centres of civil- 
ization, and yet may be comfortable and enjoy a beautiful 
view. 



CAUSES OF HEART DISEASE. 



SUDDEN DEATH LIKE THAT OF SECRETARY WINDOM MAY 
BE PREVENTED BY PROPER CARE AS TO FOOD. 

To the Editor of the Tribune. 

Sir: The sudden death of Secretary Windom in 
the midst of the life of a great banquet shocked the 
whole country more from the greatness of the man 
and occasion than ■ because of the mode of death, 
which is alarmingly frequent throughout the land. 
Almost every Tribune reports two or three cases of 
people falling dead. Within a comparatively short 
time I can recall among my own family connections 
several such deaths. The time has come when any 
one who knows, or thinks he knows, of any new 
light on the subject should bring it out. In The 
Albany Medical Annals, The Virginia Medical 
Monthly, and at the 1890 Berlin Medical Congress 
the writer has done so. Secretary Windom's last 
words were almost descriptive of his own case : "As 
poison in the blood permeates arteries, veins, and 
heart, and speedily brings paralysis and death" (mark 
the word death), " so does a debased or fluctuating 
currency permeate all the arteries of trade, paralyze all 
kinds of business, and bring disaster to all classes of 



people. It is as impossible for commerce to flourish 
with such an instrument as it is for the human body to 
grow strong and vigorous with a deadly poison in the 
blood." The point is, there are things in the blood 
which cause death suddenly from obstruction of the 
blood stream, and which come from improper food. 
Not that they act at once, but when they do act they 
act quickly. The heart is made big, irritable, weak, 
and diseased from overwork, which comes from the 
greater force needed to do its work. To these cases 
give proper food, and then nature will clear the blood, 
and the heart will become normal by having its load 
of work removed. Some of the ways in which im- 
proper food acts are : 

i. Rendering the blood more viscid, adhesive, and 
sticky. 

2. By filling in physical obstructions in the blood 
stream by making the normal fibrin filaments massive 
and large, forming threads, skeins, tresses, clots, and 
plugs which sometimes enclose gravelly bodies within. 
This gravel also is formed from improper food. 
This idea needs a volume to expand it in. 

3. Fatty degeneration, from carbohydrates in ex- 
cess and fermentation in the alimentary canal. This 
is a common cause of heart trouble, and the fatty de- 
generation may be found in (besides the heart) (a) 
the brain, (b) the kidneys, (c) the eyes, (d) the liver, 
(e) the muscles, etc. The common name of (a) is 
apoplexy, (b) Bright's disease, (c) amaurosis, (d) fatty 
liver, (e) fatty muscles, etc. 

Now, the American idea of treating the heart when 
it is diseased from overwork, owing to the above- 
named causes in the blood, is to stop the bad food 



and give good food. Nature will then remove from 
the blood stream the physical causes of obstruction, 
and the heart will come down in size and be restored, 
simply because it has no more than its normal work 
to do. This is a principle of surgery — to wit, to re- 
move a foreign body from the eye, and the eye gets 
well of itself; nature will always cure if she has a 
chance. This is repetition, but there is need of it. 

Few have any idea of the distance the blood has to 
travel in the human body. If the capillaries, which 
are i -3000th of an inch in diameter, of the human 
body could be removed and put into one straight line, 
it is estimated that this line would reach round the 
globe; call it 1,000 miles, it is clear that it will take 
force to project water through such a tube, and that 
it would take more force to project molasses. Now, 
if the heart projects normal blood through this tube, it 
is also clear that it would have to work harder to pro- 
ject abnormally thick blood, and so doing would grow 
bigger. The nerves of the heart are automatic, and do 
their work in their way as the nerves of the head do 
theirs. They appear to know when there is obstruc- 
tion to the circulation, and they make the heart beat 
harder. Death would result if the heart did not beat 
harder. Sometimes the contractions of the heart are 
so severe as to ''break the heart." Time has proved 
the wisdom of lessening the size of the heart by pro- 
per food. 

In fatty degeneration fat is deposited in the place 
of the muscle tissue of the heart. Fat deposited out- 
side the heart is not so bad as when fat takes the place 
of the ultimate muscular fibrillae. Now, what is to be 
done for this fatty degeneration ? Take advantage of 



the law whereoy ail our body tissues, except hair„ 
teeth, and nails, change once in seven months (not 
years), to wit : Lay down healthy muscular tissues 
in place of fat. Can this be done? It can. It has 
been done so often' that to some it has ceased to be 
the grand and wonderful phenomenon that it really is. 
This is attested : 

i. By a return of the heart sounds to their normal 
loudness and distinctness of pronunciation. A fatty 
heart sounds weak and faint, as if covered with a 
woollen blanket. 

2. By a return to normal size. 

3. By the disappearance of the short breath, pal- 
pitation, pain, etc. 

4. By ability to bear exertion. 

When I was a medical student a snake was brought 
to be killed. It was in a deep empty glass jar, and a 
stream of carbonic acid gas was turned on. In a few 
minutes it was dead. All the gas was not used, but 
was turned on to the back of my hand ; soon the skin 
was a livid lead color, was devoid of feeling and para- 
lyzed. Now, this gas, largely formed in the stomach, 
becomes absorbed through the heart sac and paralyzes 
the heart. Probably this was so with Secretary Win- 
dom. He had eaten, and then he spoke. The force 
used in speaking was taken from the work of digestion, 
so that the food fermented ; or he may have been 
drinking carbonic acid water, and the stomach was 
full of carbonic acid gas. Thence it exosmosed into 
the heart sac, and death followed. I knew a doctor 
(who knew better) to die from eating food which he 
knew would ferment, simply because he preferred the 
taste of his viands to their pathological effects. He is 



not alone. So long as mankind lives to eat, and does 
not eat to live, just so long will sudden deaths from 
weak hearts occur. If such physiological sins could 
be cured by injecting lymph underneath the skin, such 
treatment would be immensely popular. But such 
treatment deals with results. The best treatment 
deals with causes. In the present case stop the causes 
— improper food and its results — and give proper iood y 
and then nature cures. It is not a wonder that Secre- 
tary Windom died ; it is a marvel that he lived as long 
as he did. If his previous history is correctly given, he 
had symptoms of heart disease for some time. He 
was liable to die any moment, as Dr. Sims died in bed, 
the Rev. Dr. Dexter on a lounge, Dr. Cowden at the 
bedside of a patient, Almon VV. Griswold, Esq., on the 
Elevated road, and many others. We should be thank- 
ful that Secretary Windom was permitted to read his 
address, and thus splendidly close his life ; for, so long 
as he lived on the conventional diet of starch and 
sugar in excess, no one could tell how long he could 
survive. 

Again, Secretary Windom had treatment, but it was 
neutralized by a too close attention to business, and 
possibly by the late financial world-wide panic in 
which people looked to Government for relief for the 
evils brought on by speculation. People forget it is 
work to live — that each person has a limited amount of 
dynamic energy to expend in doing life work. Ten 
hours of brain-work a day are enough. Longer work 
than this steals from some other organ. If it is the 
heart, it will give out. If it is the stomach, it will . 
not digest the food. If one has a broken bone and 
works too hard, the bone will not unite. So, when 



people overeat, or eat food that is hard to digest, they 
put a like strain on their system. The love of the 
beautiful in eating kills many by making poison, or 
things that act like poison, in the blood. I have seen 
fatty degeneration of heart caused by phosphorus, 
which kills in twenty minutes. Again, it is said that 
snake's venom coagulates the blood more or less. 
Now, improper food coagulates the blood more or 
less. This invests the above quotation from Secretary 
Windom's last words with intense interest. It seems 
as if they were inspired. May we take warning ! 
May our great men, whose lives are so precious to our 
land, eat to live, not live to eat, and may the time 
come when our public banquets shall have menus 
based on advanced physiological ideas as to food, and 
not on the conventional idea of nameless French cooks 
who exalt the aesthetics of the palate, eye, nose, and 
ear above the weal of the stomach, the heart, the brain, 
and the kidneys ! 

Ephraim Cutter, M.D. 

[The New York Tribune, March ist, 1891.] 



Ephraim Cutter, M.D., LL.D 



The recent election of this distinguished practitioner 
of medicine and scientist (whose professional writings 
number over 350) to the presidency of the American 
branch of the Society of Science, Letters, and Art of 
London, and the presentation of five papers and ad- 
dresses by him to the great Medical Congress held in 
Berlin in August,* prompt me to give a brief account 
of his life and work. 

Dr. Cutter was born at Woburn, Massachusetts, 
September 1st, 1832 ; was educated at Warren Acad- 
emy, and was graduated from Yale University in the 
Collegiate Department in 1852. The following year 
was spent in teaching in Warren Academy, the next 
four at the Medical Departments of Harvard and the 
University of Pennsylvania, and was graduated from 
them in 1856 and 1857 respectively. His preceptors 
in medicine were his father, Benjamin Cutter (M.D. 
Harvard and University of Pennsylvania, and M.A. 
H. U.), Profs. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Henry I. 
Bowditch, and Josiah P. Cooke. From his great- 
grandfather, Amos Whittemore, the inventor of the 
card machine, he inherited not only inventive genius, 
but the most valuable attribute of an inventor — not to 
know what an obstacle is, and next the ability of tell- 
ing mechanics just what is wanted. His father, Dr. 

* "Food and Tubercle," " Physical Causes of Heart Diseases and Treat- 
ment," " Food in Fibroids," " Electrolysis of Tumors," and " Cutter's Stem 
Pessary." 



Benjamin Cutter, honored his profession for forty 
years. The subject of this sketch did not wish to prac- 
tice, but to study causes of disease. This he was en- 
couraged in, and the result is not only most valuable 
facts gained as to causation of diseases, but a thorough- 
ly trained practitioner, whose greatest delight is in 
attacking disease by stopping its causes. He practiced 
in Woburn and Boston till 1875, then in Cam- 
bridge and Boston till 1881. And at that time, at the 
advice of his friends, Drs. J. Marion Sims, L. A. 
Sayre, G. M. Beard, and E. S. Gaillard, he removed 
to New York, where he has since resided. Two of 
his sons are professional musicians in Boston. The 
third practices with his father in New York. 

The following is condensed from a statement made 
by petitioners to the faculty of Iowa College for the 
degree of Doctor of Laws, which was conferred on 
him in 1887 : 

INVENTOR OF 

atomizer for dental anaesthesia, 1868; pessaries of 
Cutter, especially the stem, 1864-1871 — English stu- 
dents of medicine are examined upon them before re- 
ceiving degree ; vaginal sound ; electrodes and batter- 
ies, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, for electrolysis of uterine fibroids, 
1872 ; vaginometer, 1866; new metallic suture, 1869; 
scarificator for laryngeal growths, 1868; scarificator 
for blood examination, 1868 ; ecraseur for removal of 
growths from deep cavities, 1870; Eustachian cathe- 
ter, 1871 ; new invalid bed for anchylosis of both hip 
joints, 1874, mentioned in Gross' " Centenary of Amer- 
ican Medicine," 1876. 

New vaccine virus cell, 1872 ; new retractors for 
thyrotomy, 1866 ; apparatus for rarefied and com- 



pressed air inhalers, three kinds, 1875 ; ditto tor re- 
suscitation of drowning persons, 1875 ; oesophageal 
forceps, 1875. 

Three forms of the clinical microscope, one of 
which is seen in photograph, invented between 1869 
and 1875. These simplify microscopy, making clini- 
cal work at bedside, in cars, on the sea, in hospitals, 
etc., possible, and allow of the use of the highest 
power objectives, as, to wit, the one-fiftieth and one- 
seventy-fifth inch in microphotography, thus doing 
away with many details with which this art was bound 
up. 

Cam fine adjustment with the late Dr. Elsberg for 
microscope stage, 1885. 

Galvano-caustic holders, 1875 ; resting chair with 
fracture apparatus, 1873, now made in London ; active 
and passive inhaler for nascent chloride of ammonium 
in acute diseases, 1874, now made in London; gen- 
eration of steam with atomized fluids (in this country), 
1870; new ear speculum, 1870; laryngoscope, and 
made by Alvan Clarke in 1859; new sponge attach- 
ment to bougies, 1868; treatment of sore nipples by 
cork shields, 1874; new hypodermic syringe, 1873 ; a 
stem pessary with movable disc, 1871, and improved 
1889; digital thoracentesis, 1873; platina plated 
sound, 1 886 ; now made in London. 

FIRST TO OPERATE 

For removal of laryngeal growths by external inci- 
sion without tracheotomy, 1866. 

By digital thoracentesis, 1873 ; to remove postpha- 
ryngeal growths from the basilar process of the occipi- 
tal bone with modified ecraseur, 1870 ; with galvan- 
ism profoundly applied to uterine fibroids, 1871. 



FIRST 

In America to photograph the living human larynx, 
1865. 

To experiment with kerosoline as an anaesthetic by- 
inhalation, i860 ; to make microscopical examinations 
of ice, 1882, Scientific American; to use morphine 
snuff for hemicrania, 1870; to announce the philo- 
sophical principles of treating versions and flexions of 
the unimpregnated uterus, 1871 ; to use dry Indian 
) meal as a vehicle for heat in medical practice, 1872 ; to 
use quinine ointment for sores, 1872 ; to treat Bright's 
disease of the kidneys with tripe, 1876; to demon- 
strate the erectile turgescence of the turbinated 
bones in inhaling pleasant or unpleasant odors, 1866; 
to use massive doses of iodoform in uterine disease, 
1864. 

To show that stem pessaries are a success, 1871 ; to 
penetrate the Eustachian tubes with slippery elm 
tents, 1869 ; to show that kine can be successfully 
vaccinated as a source of virus in times of stress, 
1862, inspected by U. S. Army official, and method 
adopted by German government, called retro-vaccina- 
tion. 

To show that some cases of uterine disease are 
called consumption, 1883; to photograph alcoholic 
yeast with the one-fiftieth and the one-seventy-fifth 
inch objectives of Tolles, 1877. 

With Geo. B. Harriman, D.D.S., of Boston, to 
photograph consumptive blood morphology, using 
Hhe one-seventy-fifth inch objective for the first time 
in history of the world, 1876, in photography. 

To photograph ague vegetations, 1884; to photo- 
graph starch, dust, cotton, lard, butter, and soap, with 



5 

the highest-power objectives, 1877; to discover the 
cause of pollution of Cochituate water to be due to 
decaying sponges, 1880 (see Liverpool, Eng., Sponge 
Museum). 

To show that the surface water of fresh ponds is 
full of animal and vegetable life, though distant from 
the habitations of man, 1881 ; to demonstrate the 
cause of syphilis in the blood with the solar micro- 
scope, 1876 ; to use microphotography with the one- 
seventy-fifth inch objective, 1876, in connection with 
Dr. Harriman. 

To point out that urinary protoplasmic catarrh was 
a cause of neurasthenia in men, and to treat and cure 
cases, 1882 ; to insist on passive inhalation of nascent 
chloride of ammonium in acute diseases of the air 
passages, in babyhood especially, 1874; to apply the 
principles of endosmosis to the living plant in situ 
naturalihy chemical solutions, 1856 ; to write an es- 
say on the pretubercular state, illustrated by many 
microphotographs, 1877; to recor d a remarkable 
instance of obstetrical operations occurring in flies and 
their newly born larvae, which defy explanation, 1865 ; 
to write on the physics of cantation and phonation, 

1872 ; to use glycerined sponge padding in surgery, 

1873 ; to show the vegetable nature of croup, 1882 ; 
to apply the term morphology to the blood, sputum, 
urine, etc. 

FIRST TO PUBLISH 

Large number of cases of cure of consumption, 
1880 and 1890; cures of Bright's disease by food 
treatment, 1889, 1890; on "diet in cancer," defining 
cancer to be "tissue under mob law," 1887, 1890; 
that enlarged hearts can be cured by food, 1887, 1890; 



on the presence of lactic acid vegetations in mouth and 
bladder, ib84; on the morphological difficulty of 
baked beans as a food, 1887 ; that cooking may be test- 
ed by polarized light, 1887; that life insurance ex- 
aminations can be made almost positive as to con- 
sumption by microscopical examination of blood, 
1886 ; how beautifully alcohol dissects out the multipo- 
lar nerve cells of the brain of a calf, 1879 ! on u nerv- 
ousness, food, and divorce," 1880 ; on " food as a patho- 
logic, aesthetic, chemic, and physiologic," 1879; on 
" is flour our proper food ?" 1875 and 1890; on "cereal 
foods under the microscope/' 1882 ; on '' suspicious 
organisms in the Croton," 1882; on " tubercle para- 
site," 1882 ; on " feeding in the wasting diseases," em- 
bracing consumption, Bright's disease, tumor, cancer, 
and male neurasthenia, 1890; first to found a school 
for the instruction in the morphologies of the blood, 
sputum, skin, etc., 1879. 

Member Massachusetts Medical Society, American 
Medical Association, Committee of One Hundred 
Massachusetts Soldiers' Fund, 1862, American Society 
of Microscopists, Belgian and Italian Microscopical 
Societies, Philosophical Society of Great Britain, life 
member Delta Kappa Epsilon Club of New York, 
Gold Medalist, Boylston, 1857, Soc. Science Letters 
and Art, London, 1889, etc, Wm. Ludden. 

The foregoing excerpt from the University Magazine of 
October, 1890, is the record of a hard-working Deke ; the 
young man that wished only to study causes of disease 
turned out to be a practitioner of medicine who has been 
a leader and promoter of several specialties. 

In 1857 he received the Boylston prize for his essay on 
*' Under what circumstances do the usual signs furnished 
by auscultation and percussion prove fallacious.?" In 



6j 

1889, the gold medal of the Society of Science, Letters 
and Art, of London, for his essay, " The Relations of 
Medicine and Music." Recently he has named the false 
vocal cords breath bands, because of the work done by 
them in holding the breath, a newly-discovered function. 

Dr. Cutter still continues his work, and has lately es- 
tablished the Heartrest Sanatory, where he has greater 
facilities to push his original studies and carry on the 
labor of patching up those worn-out and broken-down, 
who are usually put into that hopeless class, the incurables. 
What a boon to humanity the work of such a man is, who 
dares to fly in the face of established opinion and fight 
for the lives of those doomed by medical agnostics to die ! 

Judging by a recent conversation with Dr. Cutter, if, at 
his death, a belief has been established that what people 
eat and drink, and how they live, have more to do with 
the causes of disease than anything else, then his work in 
medicine will not have been in vain, in his opinion. 

The subject of our sketch states that ARE at Yale was 
of great help to him ; that Phi was thoroughly organized 
and did work of a high order; essays, poems and orations 
were often presented by Johnston, now President of Tu- 
lane University; Prof. Cooper of Rutgers; Col. H. 
McCormick, the iron duke of Pennsylvania ; Judge Van- 
derburgh, of Minnesota Supreme Court, and others. He 
remembers once reading a poem of some length that was 
favorably received, but thinks that Yale men of his time 
probably have stronger remembrance of his efforts with 
the bass viol, now in his possession and daily used, than 
of his literary work. 

His interest in music has not waned since leaving col- 
lege, for he is on the committee to found a school of 
music at Yale, and has done much to improve choir and 
Sunday-school music. 

His wife taught him the piano, and he married her — so 
he told the Yale Alumni Association of Fairfield County, 
Conn., in a paper on " Music at Yale " — in order that she 
might provide good music for his home ; this she has done 



6£ 

successfully; the beauties of home music have made his life 
pleasant, and strengthened him while engaged in the 
onerous study and practice of medicine. 

The Alpha Chapter at Harvard he had something to do 
with establishing, being at that time Secretary of Phi. 

In closing, let me say that Dr. Cutter is the type of a 
class of medical men which must of necessity grow larger; 
i.e., he has mastered, as far as present knowledge goes, 
several specialties by having been thoroughly grounded 
in a general education, general medicine and general 
practice, and by his special work in the study of causes of 
disease to relieve cases formerly called incurable. 

St. Paul once said, and it is recorded in a very learned 
and scientific book, " The eye cannot say unto the hand, I 
have no need of thee ; nor again, the head to the feet, I 
have no need of you, nay much more those members of 
the body which seem to be more feeble, are necessary. 
. . . There should be no such schism in the body, but 
that the members should have the same care, one for 
another." 

Let the young Deke profit by these words, and the 
work of the subject of this sketch, especially if he wishes 
to study medicine and jump into some easily handled and 
lucrative specialty. That cannot now be done, for the 
people are learning what St. Paul knew, that the whole 
body must be known, if one wishes to treat " the ills flesh 
is heir to." — From the Delta Kappa Epsilon Quarterly, July y 
1 891. 



PARTIAL LIST OF WORKS 



OF 



Dr. EPHEAIM CUTTER. 



A. TROPHOLOGY. 



65. 
Does the use of flour promote 
the decay of teeth? Boston 
Journal of Chemistry, De- 
cember, 1874. 

68. 
Does the use of flour promote 
affections of the nervous sys- 
tem ? Boston Journal of Chem- 
istry, February, 1875. 

70. 
Asthenic disease and flour. Bos- 
ton Journal of Chemistry, 
April, 1873. 

74. 
Arlington wheat meal. Circular. 
1875. 

77. 
Report of lecture on food. Re- 
port of invalid chair. Vine- 
yard Gazette, 1875. 

78. 
Treatment of consumption by 
animal food. Boston Journal 
of Chemistry, January, 1876. 

81. 

Why is wheat preferable to oat 
as man's food? Cold-Air At- 
trition Flour Co., Chicago, 
111., January, 1876. 

82. 
Appeal to use cold-air at trition 
wheat flour. C. A. A. W. 
Co., January, 1876. 



83. 
Why the medical profession 
is so apathetic in relation to 
flour of the entire wheat. Let- 
ter to Mr. Warren, manager, 
January, 1876. 

85. 
Candy. Boston Journal of 
Chemistry, April, 1876. 

96. 
Food as a medicine in uterine 
fibroids. American Journal 
of Obstetrics, October, 1877. 
97. 
Is flour our proper food ? Trans. 
New Hampshire State Med. 
Society, 1875 ; The Doctor, 
New York, January and Feb- 
ruary, 1890. 

103. 
Salisbury plan in consumption. 
Boston Journal of Chemistry, 
November, 1879. 
106. 
Food in agalaxia. American 
Journal of Obstetrics, New 
York, April, 1878. 
114. 
Teeth and flour. American 
.'ournal of Dental Science, 
November, 1878. 
147. 
Feeding of nursing children. 
Virginia Med. Monthly, Au- 
gust, 1880. 



The references to publications are not guaranteed to be correct in all the works here 
listed. 



TROPHOLOGY. 



148. 
The Salisbury plans in con- 
sumption. Michigan Medical 
News, second paper, August 
10th, 1880. 

149. 
Food, nervousness, and divorce. 
Therapeutic Gazette, August, 
1880. 

152. 
Diet list for lactation. Michigan 
Med. News, August, 1880. 

157. 
Examination of flour. Boston 
Sunday Herald, December 
5th, 1880. 

159. 
Treatment of consumption by 
the Salisbury plans. Trans- 
actions Am. Med. Ass'n 1880, 
pp. 76. Twenty-six cases 
cured. 

160. 
Food. An open letter to J. 
Marion Sims, M.D., LL.D. 
Gaillard 1 s Med. Journal, New 
York, February, 1881. 
164. 
Butter. Michigan Med. News, 
June 25th, 1881. 

181. 
List of food stuffs under the mi- 
croscope. Cincinnati Medical 
News, March, 1881. 
182. 
Highly important and exten- 
sively advertised cereal foods 
under the microscope. Twenty- 
eight cuts. Am. Med. Week- 
ly, January 7th, 1882, edition 
260,000; Scientific American; 
also newspapers. 
189. 
Flour. Gaillard's Med. Jour- 
nal, 1882. 

190. 

Tubercle parasite. Am. Med. 

Weekly, May, 1882 ; Christian 

Advocate, June 1st, 1882. 

228. 

Feeding against the appetite. 



Medical Register, Philadel- 
phia, April 2d and 9th, 1887. 

229. 
Origin of the Salisbury plans in 
chronic disease. Pamphlet. 
W. A. Kellogg, New York, 
December, 1886. 

238. 
Diseased teeth. Youth's Com- 
panion, Boston, December, 
1886. 

244. 
Diet in cancer. Albany Med. 
Annals, July-August, 1887. 
247. 
Webster's coffee pot. Advertise- 
ment, 1886. 

252. 
Coffee-making. H. P. Webster, 
January, 1888. Boston Popu- 
lar Science News, January, 
1889. 

258. 
Whole wheat cleaned. Popular 
Science News, Boston, Janu- 
ary-February, 1888. Home 
Missionary ; S. Sc, London, 
June, 1888. 

259. 

Drinks. Home Missionary Maga- 
zine, March and April, 1888; 
S. Sc, London, June 12th, 
1888. 

271. 

Sugar. Annals of Hygiene, 
Philadelphia, April, 1888. 

274. 
Food in nervous affections. 
Journal of Am. Med. Associa- 
tion, 1888. 

279. 

Food in motherhood. Book. 
D. Stott, 370 Oxford street, 
London, January, 1890. 

283. 
Some of the physical causes of 
asthma, specially the hay fe- 
ver. Southern Practitioner, 
Nashville, Tenn., October, 
1888. 



TROPHOLOGY. 



284. 

Heart disease and feeding. Open 
letter to W. T. Gardner, M.D., 
LL.D., Glasgow. Albany 
Medical Annals, September, 
1888. 

286. 

Food versus bacilli. Open letter 
to Dr. John A. Cutter, my 
son. Virginia Medical Month- 
ly, Richmond, December, 
1888. 

300. 

Milk and motherhood. Annals 
of hygiene, Philadelphia, 
March, 1889. 

305. 
Stricture of the colon, Case of, 
and trophopathic cause and 
cure. Alabama Medical and 
Surg. Age, March 28th, 1889. 

307. 
Vinegar and vinegar yeast. 
Times and Register, Philadel- 
phia, July, 1889. 

311. 
Trophopathy in fatty and fibroid 
degenerations. Joint paper 
with John A. Cutter. Vir- 
ginia Medical Monthly, Janu- 
ary, 1890 ; Southern Prac- 
titioner , February, 1890 ; 
Medical Bulletin, January, 
1890; N. E. Medical Monthly, 
February, 1890; Journal Am. 
Med. Association, February, 
1890 ; Dietetic Gazette, Decem- 
ber, 1889 ; The Doctor, Septem- 
ber. 1889; Loudon Lancet, 
Vol. I., 1890. 

319. 
Food. An open letter to Med. 
Director-General Mackinnon, 
British army. London, Oc- 
tober, 1889. 

327. 
Salt. Annals of Hygiene, 1889. 

332. 
Physical causes of heart disease. 



International Med. Congress, 
Berlin, 1890. 

333. 
Food and uterine fibroids. In- 
ternational Med. Congress, 
Berlin, 1890. 

335. 
Changes of food in cooking. In- 
ternational Med. Congress, 



1890. 



339. 



Food and tubercle. Internation- 
al Med. Congress, Berlin, 
1890. 

347 

Count Rumford as cook. Wo- 
burn Journal, May 30th, 1890. 

349. 
Food and asthma. International 
Med. Congress, 1890. Pro- 
grammed, but not read. 

350. 
Feeding in the wasting diseases. 
Joint report to Committee of 
Dietetics of Am. Med. Associa- 
tion, 1890, with Dr. John A. 
Cutter. Journal of Am. Med. 
Association, July 26th, 1890;, 
Med Bulletin, June, July, 
and August, 1890; N. E. Med. 
Monthly, August, 1890; Pac. 
Med. Journa., August, 1890; 
Southern Practitioner, July 
and August, 1890; Virginia 
Med. Monthly, June and July, 
1890. On (I.) Consumption, 
one hundred cases; (II.) 
Bright's Disease, Fibroid Tu- 
mor, and Cancer ; (III.) Male 
Neurasthenia. 

365. 
Food as a medicine in typhoid 
fever and in laryngeal growth. 
Middlesex S. Dis. Med. So- 
ciety, Massachusetts, Mav, 
1877. 

372. 

Eating air. Journal of Balneo- 
logy, page 28, February, 1891. 



B. MOEPHOLOGY. 



35. 

A new clinical microscope. Bos- 
ton Journal of Chemistry, 
April, 1869. 

39. 
Another parasite in the pig* 
Boston Journal of Chemistry, 
August, 1869. 

86. 
Amoeboid movements of the 
white blood corpuscle. Boston 
Journal of Chemistry, June, 

1876. 

101. 

Rural micrography. Congrega- 
tionalism February 13th, 1878. 

104. 
Rural micrography. Wheat. Con- 
gregationalist, March 27th, 
1878. 

105. 
Prelude to Rev. J. Cook's lec- 
ture, April 15th, 1878. Heredi- 
tary taints in blood. Boston 
Daily Advertiser, April 17th, 
1878. 

108. 
Life in Fresh Pond Water. 
Cambridge Tribune, April, 
1878. 

111. 
Rural micrography. Wheat. 
Second paper. Congregation - 
alist, September, 1878. 

112. 
Asthmatos ciliaris. Boston Jour- 
nal of Chemistry, November, 
1878. 

113. 
Rhizopods (asthmatos ciliaris) a 
cause of disease. Virginia 
Med. Monthly, November, 
1878. 

117. 
Morphology of diseased blood. 
Southern Clinic, March, 1879. 



118. 
Hog cholera: its cause known. 
Western Rural, March 22d r 
1879. 

119. 

Rhizopods as a cause of disease. 
Treatment. Second report. 
Virginia Med. Monthly, April, 
1879. 

122. 

The effect of alcohol on the 
brain. Maiden Mirror, May 
3d, 1879. Original experi- 
ments. 

124. 

A new sign of the pre-embo- 
lic state. Chicago Med. Jour- 
nal, February, 1879. 

125. 
Lecture before the Chicago 
Medical Society, February 
17th, 1879. Morphology of 
diseased blood. Chicago Med. 
Journal, April, 1879. 

126. 
Diphtheria and potatoes. Boston 
Journal of Chemistry, June, 

1879. 

127. 

Tolles's one-seventy-fifth inch 
objective: its history, uses, 
and construction . Am. Jour- 
nal of Arts and Sciences, New 
Haven, August, 1879; Scien- 
tific Am. Supplement. Trans- 
lated into French, and pub- 
lished, Journal de Micro- 
graphie, Paris, 1879. 

129. 

Primer of the clinical micro- 
scope. Virginia Med. Month- 
ly, August and September, 
1879. Pamphlet. 
130. 

A new physical sign of the pre- 
tubercular state. 1877. Illus- 
trated. 



MORPHOLOGY. 



11 



132. 
Hhizopods as a cause of disease. 
Southern Clinic, October, 
1879. 

133. 

Leavens and man. Written by 
invitation of, and for, the 
Philosophical Society of G-reat 
Britain, 1884. Many original 
illustrations. 

135. 

Morphology of syphilitic blood 
Am. Journal of Dental Sci- 
ence, October, 1879. Reprint. 

140. 
Illustrated lecture on alcohol 
and blood. North Ave. S. S., 
Cambridge, Mass., December 
21st, 1879; Cambridge Trib- 
une, January 15th, 1879. 

143. 
Food as an aesthetic, chemic, 
physiologic, pathologic, and 
therapeutic. Am. Journal of 
Dental Science, January and 
February, 1880 

158. 
Throat syphilis and tubercle 
according to Salisbury. Ar- 
chives of Laryngology, New 
York, December, 1880. 
160. 
Abnormal entozoa in man. Vir- 
ginia Med. Monthly, Febru- 
ary, 1881. 

167-176. 
Cro ton water. Ten papers. Food 
and Health, New York, May 
June, and July, 1881. 

177. 

Trichina. Food and Health, 

New York, July 16th, 1881. 

178. 
Asthmatos ciliaris. Journal of 
Microscopy, P h i n ' s, New 
York, March, 1881. 

179. 
Use of the microsope in con- 
sumption. Diagnosis of necro- 



sis and disintegration. First 
' paper. Journal of Microscopy, 
Phin's, September, 1881. 

186. 
Suspicious organisms in the Cro- 
ton water. Medical Record, 
New York, April 8th, 1882. 

187. 
Use of microscope in consump- 
tion. Second paper. Necrosis 
of lung. Differential diagno- 
sis. Am. Journal of Microsco- 
py, Phin's, 1882. 

188. 
A new sign of syphilis. Inter- 
view. Gaillard's Med. Jour- 
nal, April, 1882. 

191. 
Tubercle parasite. Editorial. 
Scientific American, June 2d, 
1882. 

194. 
Microscopical examination of 
domestic ice. Scientific Ameri- 
can, July 29th, 1882. 

197. 
Micrographical contribution. 
The vegetable nature of crou- 
pal membranes. Proc. Am. 
Soc. Microscopists, August 
15th, 1882. 

204. 

Blood changes in syphilis when 

treated by the McDade Fluid 

Extract Stillingia. Gaillard's 

Med. Journal, February, 1884. 

206. 
Lactic acid vegetations in mouth 
and urine. Gaillard's Med. 
Journal, July, 1884. 

209. 
Vegetations on coin. Report 
with Dr. Eisberg. Gaillard's 
Med. Journal, 1884. 

214. 
Life at the surface of fresh-water 
ponds. Am. Journal of Micro- 
scopy, Hitchcock's, 1881. 



12 



MOEPHOLOGY. 



215. 
Crypta syphilitica. Monographia 
syphilitica. September, 1888. 

218. 
Cam fine adjustment. The Mi- 
croscope, May, 1888; Journal 
of the Royal Microscopical 
Society, December, 1886. 

220. 
Spirilina splendens. Note Book, 
1890. 

223. 
Morphology of rheumatic blood. 
Am. Society of Microscopists, 
1881. 

227. 
Baked beans. Albany Med. An- 
nals, February, 1887. 

233. 

Morphology of human sputum. 
Physicians' Magazine, Phila- 
delphia, December, 1885. 

239. 
Ice morphology. Scientific Ame- 
rican Supplement, 1885. 

252. 
Morphology of cooking : 
Potatoes. The Microscope, 
January, 1888. 
261. 
Morphology of rheumatic blood. 
Read to Ninth International 
Med. Congress. 



265. 
What I use the microscope for. 
Read to Am. Society of Mi- 
croscopists, 1887. 

272. 
Partial syllabic lists of the clini- 
cal morphologies of blood 
sputum, faeces, urine, foods, 
clothing, soils, etc. Book. Pub- 
lished by author, 1888. 

302. 
On the morphology of rheuma- 
tic blood. Philadelphia Med. 
Times, February, 1889. 

324. 

The positive diagnosis of syphilis. 
Journal of Am. Med. Associa- 
tion, 1889. 

355. 
How to get the fauna and floi. 
of surface waters. Pop. Sc 
enee News, Boston, February, 
1891. 

361 
Use of the microscope. Book, 
not published. 1874. 

373. 
Action of alcohol on red blood 
disc in living man. Am. As- 
soc. Prevention and Cure of 
Inebriety. Journal of In- 
ebriety, January, 1891. 



C. PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, THERAPEUTICS, 
AND MATERIA MEDICA. 



Report on the zymoses of 1857, 
by members of Middlesex East 
District Medical Society. M. 
M. S. Com., E. Cutter, Sec. 
1858. 

4. 

Veratrum viride, report on. 
Am. Journal of Med. Sciences, 
January, 1858. 

5 

Veratrum viride, report on. 
Am. Journal of Med. Sciences, 
1860. 

6. 

Experiments with animal vac- 
cination. Boston Med. and 
Surg-. Journal, 1860. 

7. 
Kerosolene as an anaesthetic. 
Boston Med. and Surg. Jour- 
nal, 1860. 

9. 

Veratrum viride. London Lan- 
cet, 1862; Am. Journal of 
Med. Sciences, 1862. 

10. 
Veratrum viride. Dublin Quar- 
terly Journal of Med. Sciences, 
1862. 

11. 

Veratrum viride. Med. Times 

and Gazette, London, 1862. 

12. 
Veratrum viride. Therapeutique 
emploi des Gazette Hebdoma- 
daire de Medecine etde la Chi- 
rurgie. Paris, 1862. Also in 
pamphlet. 

13. 

Veratum viride. Rankin's Ab- 
stract. London, 1862. 

17. 
On the apparatus for the nebuli- 



zation of medicinal substances. 
Medical and Surgical Reporter, 
Philadelphia, vol.xv., page 60, 
1866. Also Conn. Med. So- 
ciety, 1866. 

19. 
On the contemporaneous inves- 
tigation of therapeutical sub- 
stances. Boston Med. and Surg. 
Journal, 1863. 

21. 
Reports of the Middlesex East 
District Med. Society, several. 
Boston Med. and Surg. Jour- 
nal, 1857-1865. 

23. 
Veratrum viride as a therapeu- 
tical agent. Pamphlet. H. O. 
Houghton, Cambridge, 1862. 

24. 
On the modes of administration 
of systemic anaesthetics. Bos- 
ton Med. and Surg. Journal, 
vol. lxxvi., page 117, 1865. 

27. 
How to vaccinate with the crust 
from kine. Bostou Journal of 
Chemistry, September, 1868. 

29. 

Carbolic acid. Boston Journal 

of Chemistry, October, 1868. 

31. 
Vaccine virus from kine. Boston 
Journal of Chemistry, Novem- 
ber, 1868. 

34. 
Benzoated oxide zinc ointment. 
Boston Journal of Chemistry, 
February, 1869. 

42. 
Vaccine matter from the cow. 
Boston Journal, June 17th or 
18th, 1870. 



14 PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, THERAPEUTICS, AND MATERIA MEDICA. 



44. 
Contribution to the treatment of 
hemicrania and frontal head- 
ache. Boston Journal of 
Chemistry, December, 1870. 

48. 
Phosphorus in sleeplessness. 
Boston Journal of Chemistry, 
April, 1872. 

52. 
Partial report on the production 
of vaccine virus in the United 
States. Transactions Ameri- 
can Med. Association, 1872. 
Do. do. pamphlet; 1,000 copies. 

60. 
Eeport of Section of Materia 
Medica, Philadelphia meeting. 
Am. Med. Association Trans- 
actions, 1872. 

61. 
Report of Section of Materia 
Medica, St. Louis meeting. 
Am. Med. Association Trans- 
actions, 1873. 

63. 
Indian meal as a vehicle for heat. 
Boston Journal of Chemistry, 
January, 1874. 

66. 
Letter to the Middlesex East Dis- 
trict Med. Society. Boston 
Med. and Surg. Journal, De- 
cember, 1874. 

67. 

A new hypodermic syringe. 
Boston Journal of Chemistry, 
1873. 

69. 

Case of cancer of the pancreas. 
Modified transfusion of blood. 
Atlanta Med. Journal, July, 
1874. 

79. 

Nascent chloride of ammonium 
treatment of bronchitis, acute 
and typhoid pneumonia. First 
paper. Boston Journal of 
Chemistry, February, 1876. 



80. 
Nascent chloride of ammonium 
apparatus. Circular for Cod- 
man & Shurtleff, February. 
1876. 

87. 

Necrosis and aromatic sulphuric 
acid. Boston Med. and Surg. 
Journal, August, 1876. 

121. 
Resuscitation in asphyxia with 
passive respiration. Proceed- 
ings Den. Association, Wash- 
ington, D. C, 1879. 

128. 
Case of scarlatina followed by 
paralysis of tongue. Cure. 
Maryland Med. and Surg. 
Journal, July, 1879. 

134. 
The Salisbury plans in consump- 
tion. First paper. Michigan 
Med. News, Detroit, Novem- 
ber 25th, 1879. 

136. 
The Salisbury plan in consump- 
tion. Virginia Med. Monthly, 
December, 1879. 

145. 

The active and passive inhalation 
of the nascent chloride of am- 
monium in acute affections of 
the respiratory tract. Vir- 
ginia Med. Monthly, May, 
1880. 

163. 

Beri-beri. Gaillard's Medical 
Journal, August 11th, 1881. 

166. 
Therapeutical Notes. Therapeu- 
tic Gazette, October, 1881. 

180. 
Note on consumption. Phila- 
delphia Med. and Surg. Re- 
porter, May, 1881. 
195. 
Menthol in infusorial catarrh. 
Therapeutic Gazette, 1883. 



PKACTICEOFMEDICIXE, THERAPEUTICS, AXD MATERIA MEDICA. 15 



200. 

Report on malaria to Dr. Salis- 
bury. Scientific .American 
Supplement, May 12th, 1883. 

201. 
The therapeutical drinking of hot 
water : its origin and use. Am. 
Med. Weekly, January 8th, 
1883 ; Druggists' Circular, Au 
gust, 1883; London Lancet, 
September 15th, 1883 ; Journal 
d'Hygiene, October 25th, 1883; 
Therapeutic Gazette ; Scientific 
American ; Constitutionnelle 
and the medical and secular 
press of Paris. 

213. 
On the active and passive inha- 
lation of the nascent NELCl 
in acute diseases of the air pas- 
sages, with emphasis on pas- 
sive inhalation. Physicians' 
Magazine, August, 1885. 

217. 
Nascent chloride of ammonium. 
Second paper. Physicians' 
Magazine, March, 1886. 

219. 
Kerosolene. Rankin's Abstract. 
London, June, 1862. 

221. 
Menthol. Therapeutic Gazette, 
June, 1883, page 237. 

226. 
Endosmosis. Inaugural essay, 
Harvard, 1856. Alabama Med. 
and Surgical Journal, May, 

1887. 

237. 
Constipation. Eastern Medical 
Journal, Worcester, June, 

1887. 

242. 
Menthol. Reported to the Japa- 
nese Government. Translated 
by Hon. S. K. Takahashi, 
Consul Gen. United States, 
August. 1885. 



243. 
Menthol. Second paper. Sent 
in Japanese language to Japan 
by Mr. Joshida Jiro, Consul 
Gen. United States, June, 1887. 
249. 
Why not the Pharmacists ? 
Journal Am. Ass'n, Chicago, 
December 19th, 1887. 
282. 
Reply to criticism on Alimenta- 
tion and Disease. Maryland 
Med. Journal, September 16th, 
1888. 

285. 
Reply to criticism on the Rela- 
tion of Alimentation and Dis- 
ease. Medical Register, Phila- 
delphia, November 10th, 1888. 
288. 
Tablet triturates. Times and 
Register, Philadelphia, No- 
vember, 1888. 
299. 
Colloid disease. Alabama Med. 
and Surg. Age, March 2d, 
1889. 

303. 
Second reply to review in Med- 
ical Register, Philadelphia, 
March, 1889. 

308. 
Male neurasthenia. Virginia 
Medical Monthlv, February, 
1890. 

352. 
Report of delegate to the Tenth 
International Med. Congress 
from the Am. Med. Associa- 
tion. Journal of Am. Med. 
Association, October 11th, 1890. 
358. 
Calculi. Journal of Balneology, 
January, 1891. 

362. 
Under what circumstances do 
the usual signs furnished by 
auscultation and percussion 
prove fallacious? Boylston 
Gold medal prize essay, 1857. 



D. SURGERY. 



Case of thoracentesis. Boston 
Med. and Surg. Journal, 1857. 

2. 
Dr. N. R. Smith's anterior splint. 
Massachusetts Med. Commu- 
nication, 1858. 

16. 
Apparatus for bed -ridden pa- 
tients. Am. Journal of Med. 
Sciences, January, 1867. 

40 
A new metallic suture. Boston 
Journal of Chemistry, Au- 
gust, 1869. 

41. 
Urethral calculus. Boston Med. 
and Surg. Journal, October 
7th, 1870. 

62. 

Glycerined sponge. Boston 
Journal of Chemistry, De- 
cember, 1873. 

75. 
Invalid chair. Circular for 
Chili Exposition. In Spanish. 
1875. 



76. 
Treatment of carbuncle by sub- 
cutaneous incision. Boston 
Journal of Chemistry, Au- 
gust, 1878. 

95. 
A new resting and invalid chair. 
Chicago Med. Journal and 
Examiner, September, 1877. 

99. 
Letter to editor St. Louis Clini- 
cal Record on Prof. L. A. 
Sayre. December, 1877. 

193. 
My bi-fractured patella. Gail- 
lard's Med. Journal, July 
15th, 1882. 

198. 

Digital thoracentesis. Gaillard's 

Med. Journal, May 5th, 1883. 

241 
The surgical engine. The Med- 
ical Standard, Chicago, Au- 
gust, 1887. 

366. 
Case of club foot cured. Not 
published. 1866. 



E. LARYNGOLOGY, RHINOLOGY, AND OTOLOGY. 



On the laryngoscope and rhino- 
scope. Boston Med. and Surg. 
Journal, vol. lxix., No. 20, 
page 389, 1861. 

14. 
Practical uses of the laryngo- 
scope and rhinoscope. Boston 
Med. and Surg. Journal, 1866 
and 1867. Several papers. 
15. 
Case of aphonia cured by extir- 
pation of a neoplasm on the 
vocal cords by laryngotomy. 
Am. Journal of Med. Sciences, 
October, 1866. 
20 
On the attachment of sponge to 
metallic bougies. Boston Jour- 
nal of Chemistry, 1868. 
22. 
Normal condition of the Eu- 
stachian tube. Boston Med. 
and Surg. Journal, February, 
1867. 

33. 
About the laryngoscope. Boston 
Journal of Chemistry, Febru- 
ary, 1867. 

36. 
Extra-laryngeal operation for 
the removal of growths upon 
the vocal cords. Boston Med. 
and Surg. Journal, February 
18th, 1869. 

37. 
Observations on the illumina- 
tion in laryngoscopy. Boston 
Journal of Chemistry, June, 
1869. 

38. 
Observations on the illumina- 
tion in laryngoscopy. Boston 
Journal of Chemistry, July, 
1869. 

43. 
Naso-pharyngeal polypus re- 



moved through the mouth by 
a modified ecraseur. Boston 
Med. and Surg. Journal, No- 
vember 24th, 1870. Woodcut. 
47. 
Thyrotomy, modified. Pamph- 
let. James Campbell. 1872. 

51. 
Observations on the Eustachian 
tubes with a new catheter. 
Am. Journal of Med. Sciences, 
April, 1872. 

54. 

The physics of phonation and 
cantation. Boston Journal of 
Chemistry, January, 1873. 
55. 

The physics of cantation and 
phonation. Boston Journal of 
Chemistry, February, 1873. 

56. 
Case illustrating the use of the 
laryngoscope. Boston Med. 
and Surg. Journal, March, 
1873. 

57. 
The pyriform fossye. Boston Med. 
and Surg. Journal, 1873. 



Contribution to laryngology. 
Two cases of diseased arytenoid 
cartilages. Chicago Medical 
Journal, November, 1877. 
192. 

Photographing the larynx. Ar- 
chives Laryngology, New 
York, July, 1882. 
196. 

Sequel to a case of thyrotomy. 
Archives Laryngology, Octo- 
ber, 1882. 

199. 

Laryngological contributions in 
connection with Dr. L. Els- 
berg. Archives Laryngology, 
April 18th, 1883. 



18 



LARYNGOLOGY, KHINOLOGY, AND OTOLOGY. 



207. 
Sortie practical points about the 
false vocal bands. GaillarcTs 
Med. Journal, October, 1884. 

230. 
Contribution to laryngology. 
Archives Larvngology, April, 

1883. 

235. 

The chest and larynx. St. Louis 
Med. and Surg. Journal, 1880. 

276. 
Food and throat affections. 
Journal of Laryngology, Lon- 
don, Eng., May 28th, 1890. 



Breath bands. Times and Regis- 
ter, Philadelphia, July, 1889. 

304. 
Relation of phonation to canta- 
tion, with some practical de- 
ductions. Transactions Ninth 



International Med. Congress, 
vol. iv., 1887. 

316. 
Breath bands. S. Sc, London, 
Sept. 24th, 1889. Read. 

323. 
False teeth as a cause and cure 
of throat affections. Annals 
of Hygiene, Philadelphia, Au- 
gust, 1889. 

325. 
Laryngological contributions. 
Journal Am. Med. Associa- 
tion, 1889. 

366. 
Introduction to the principles 
and practice of laryngoscopy 
and rhinoscopy, 1865. Book. 
Not published. 

367. 
A new name for the ventricular 
bands. Philadelphia Times 
and Register, September 4th, 
1889. 



>- 



F. GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS. 



19. 
Case of nephritic calculus com- 
plicating labor. Boston Jour- 
nal of Chemistry, 1867. 

25. 

Contribution to the treatment of 
retroversion of the uterus. 
Boston Med. and Surg. Jour- 
nal, March 26th, 1868. 

45. 
Vaginometry. Gynecological 
Journal, Boston, March, 1871. 

46. 

Contribution to the treatment of 
the versions and flexions of the 
unimpregnated uterus. Gyne- 
cological Journal, Boston, 
1871. 

64. 

Treatment of sore nipples. New 
York Medical Record, April 
1st, 1874. 

90. 

Contribution to the treatment of 
the versions and flexions of 
the unimpregnated uterus. 
Book. James Campbell & Son, 
September, 1876. 

100. 
A new stem pessary with a mov- 
able disc. Chicago Medical 
Journal, January, 1878. 

120. 
Cauliflower tumor of vulva; re- 
moval by galvano-cautery. 
Virginia Medical Monthly, 
page 72, April, 1879. 

137. 
The uterus and the larynx. St. 
Louis Medical Journal, No- 
vember, 1879. Read to the 
American Laryngological As- 
sociation. 



138. 
My stem pessary. Transactions 
of American Medical Associa- 
tion, 1879. 

144. 
The chest and the uterus. St. 
Louis Medical and Surgical 
Journal, April, 1880. 

183. 
A contribution to the treatment 
of uterine lesions by iodoform, 
cotton, and mechanics. Thera- 
peutic Gazette, Detroit, Janu- 
ary, 1882. 

185. 

Iodoform pencils. Therapeutic 

Gazette, Detroit, March, 1882. 

205. 
A porcelain stem pessary. Gail- 
lard's Medical Journal, Au- 
gust, 1884. 

208. 
Treatment of labial cysts by 
setons. Gaillard's Medical 
Journal, 1884. 

210. 
Iodoform in gynecology. Medi- 
catio localis. Foote & Swift, 
vol. i., No. 1, 1885. 

212. 
Porcelain stem pessary. Albany 
Medical Annals, August, 1885. 

231. 
Uterine disease sometimes called 
consumption. Trans. State 
Medical Ass'n Georgia, 1884. 

234. 
Remarkable obstetrical operation 
performed by nascent fly lar- 
vae. Virginia Medical Month- 
ly, 1885. Sent to Europe also. 



GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS. 



250. 
Puerperal convulsions, relations 
to feeding. N. E. Medical 
Monthly, February 15th, 1887. 
251. 
Iodol. Medical Register, Phila- 
delphia, November 19th, 1887. 
264. 
Pros and cons Cutter stem pes- 
sary, with description of pla- 
tinum-plated uterine sound. 
Albany Medical Annals, Feb- 
ruary, 1888 8 



267. 

Reversed peristalsis. Virginia 
Medical Monthly, April, 1888. 

270. 

Gynic relations of the chest. 
Read before the Boston Gyne- 
cological Society, May, 1890. 

337. 

Cutter's stem pessary. Tenth 
International Medical Con- 
gress, Berlin, 1890. 



G. ELECTRICITY. 



84. 

New battery and electrodes for 

electrolysis of uterine fibroids. 

Boston Medical and Surgical 

Journal, February 17th, 1876. 

92. 
Cases of electrolysis of ovarian 
tumors. New York Medical 
Journal, August 1st, 1877. 

102. 
Ovarian tumor cured by galvani- 
zation. Chicago Medical Jour- 
nal and Examiner, March, 
1878. 

107. 

Report of fifty cases of galvanism 
of fibroids. American Jour- 
nal Med. Sciences, July, 1878. 

116. 
Sequel to cases of electrolysis in 
ovarian cysts. New York Med- 
ical Journal, November, 1878. 

131. 
Electrolysis of uterine fibroids. 
Boston Medical and Surgical 
Journal, November. 1879. 

139. 
Report on electrolysis of uterine 
fibroids to April, 1879. Trans- 
actions American Medical As- 
sociation, 1879. 



146.. 
Report on electrolysis of uterine 
fibroids, May, 1879, to June, 
1880. Detroit Lancet, 1880. 

224. 

Electrolysis of uterine fibroids. 
Journal of American Medical 
Association, February 5th, 
1887. 

225. 

Full text of the first fifty cases 
of galvanism of uterine 
fibroids. American Journal of 
Obstetrics, February, March, 
and April, 1887. Reprint. 

260. ' 
Galvanism of uterine fibroids. 
Proceedings Ninth Interna- 
tional Medical Congress, vol. 

ii., 1887. 

310. 

Galvanism of uterine fibroids. 
British Medical Journal, Octo- 
ber, 1890. 

340, 

Electrolysis in neoplasmata. 
Tenth International Med. Con- 
gress, Berlin. American Jour- 
nal of Obstetrics, October, 
1890. 

345. 

Cam coupling for electrical uses. 
Note book. 1889. 



H. MUSIC. 



10. 

Sunday-school music. Musical 
Record, O. Ditson & Co., Sep- 
tember 5th, 1878. 

123. 
Church music. American Cong. 
Union Quarterly, 1881. 

141. 
Farewell reception to Prof. L. 
W. Mason on leaving for Ja- 
pan. Musical Herald, Boston, 
1880. 

203. 
Praying for the choir. Boston 
Musical Herald, February, 
1884. 

222. 
The relations of medicine to mu- 
sic. Circular of Information, 
U. S. Bureau of Education, 
Washington, D. C, 1886. 

240. 
Principles of voice production 
illustrated by the living la- 
rvnx. The * Voice, Albany, 
August, 1887. 

257. 
Music at Yale. Record, Fairfield 
Co., Conn., October, 1887; Yale 
Alumni Association. 

262. 

The relation of medicine to mu- 
sic. Read to Society of Sc, 
Letters, and Art, London, No- 
vember, 1887. Published, 
1891. 

263. 

Voice production. "Voice," 
NewYork and Albany, August, 
1887-1888. Transactions Na- 
tional Music Teachers 1 Associa- 
tion. Read July 6th, 1887. 

268. 
Suggestions as to a school of mu- 



sic at Yale. Pamphlet. Febru- 
ary, 1889. Yale Alumni Asso- 
ciation, Fairfield Co., Conn. 

278. 
Letters to my two sons on 
Church music, 1887. Not pub- 
lished. 

287. 
Why not antiphonal music ? 
Boston Transcript. November 
29th, 1888; Musical Herald. 

291. 
Relations of music and medi- 
cine. Rewritten. Albany Med- 
ical Annals, November, 1888. 

292. 
Church music. Congr. Union 
Quarterly, January, 1891. Ac- 
cepted. 

309. 

Music and athletics. Journal 
S. Sc, London, November 
20th, 1889. 

314. 
Food and music. Dietetic Ga- 
zette, January, 1890. 

326. 
Steamboat music. Lowell Citi- 
zen, 1888. 

349. 
The voice in speech, song, and 
whisper. ' ' Voice, " New York, 
July, 1890; New York State 
Music Teachers' Association 
Transactions, 1890. 

351. 
Church music. Cong. Union 
Quarterly, New York, April, 
1891. 

359. 
Speech in the keynote of the au- 
ditorium. Written for the 
Emerson School of Oratory, 
January, 1891. 



I. PUBLIC HEALTH. 



26. 

On the feasibility of public 
baths in Woburn. Middlesex 
County Journal, April 4th, 

1868. 

32. 

Coffee as a deodorizer. Boston 
Journal of Chemistry, No- 
vember, 1868. 



49. 



Water question, 
vertiser, 1871. 



Woburn Ad- 



50. 



Odious odors. Woburn Adverti- 
ser, 1871. 

59. 

Communication to the water 
commissioners, Woburn, on the 
action of lead pipes on Horn 
Pond water. Middlesex Co. 
Journal, July 5th, 1873. 

72. 

Report on Russell Brook. Mass. 

State Board of Health, 1875. 

73. 
Report on flour and decayed 
teeth. Mass. State Board of 
Health, 1875. 

93. 
Resuscitating the drowned. Wo- 
burn Journal, August, 1877. 

94 
Pear blight. Congregationalism 
September 12th, 1877. 

142. 
Open letter to the Boston Water 



Board. Cambridge Tribune 
March 12th, 1880. 

144. 
Our drinking water. Boston 
Herald, August 13th, 1880. 

150. 
Consumption. Boston Herald, 
August 27th, 1880. 

151. 

The water we drink. Cambridge 

Tribune, August 27th, 1880. 

155. 
Cambridge and Boston water 
supply. Cambridge Tribune, 
March 12th, 1880. Also Boston 
Globe, published by the Boston 
Water Board. 

232. 
Advice to boards of health on 
malaria. New England Medi- 
cal Monthly, October, 1885. 

312. 
A new water still. Popular Sci- 
ence News, February, 1890. 

321. 
La grippe. Boston Journal, 
January 1st, 1890. 

322. 
La grippe. Another paper, pub- 
lished by New York Tribune, 
World, etc., January, 1890. 

368. 
American ideas as to Heart Dis- 
ease. N. Y. Tribune, March 
1st, 1891. 

374. 
Sudden deaths. 1891. 



J. MISCELLANEOUS. 



28. 
An evening" with the locomotive 
engineers. Middlesex County 
Journal, September 12th, 1868. 

30. 
Review of Dr. Salisbury's micro- 
scopic examinations of blood. 
Boston Journal of Chemistry, 
October, 1868. 

53. 

Kimball's car brake. Boston 

Daily Advertiser, July, 1872. 

53. 
Kimball's car brake. Congrega- 
tionalism March 27th, 1873. 

91. 

Duty of Christian scholars to 
politics. Congregationalist, 
August 8th, 1877. 

109. 
Preach in the keynote of the au- 
ditorium. Am. Cong. Union 
Quarterly, 1891. 

153. 
Plain talk about plain duty. Cam- 
bridge Tribune, July 16th, 
1880. 

156. 
Review oi Dr. R. E. Thompson's 
work on the chest. Virginia 
Medical Monthly, October. 
1880. 

161. 
Glucose. Moderate Drinkers. 
Paper. New York, 1881. 

202. 
Critique on Dr. R. E. Thomp- 
son's work on chest diseases. 
Graillard's Medical Journal, 
January, 1884. 



216. 
The story of the old horseblock. 
Woburn Journal, July 17th, 
1885. 

236. 
It paid to keep the Sabbath. The 
American, New York, June, 
1887. 

216. 
Catalogue First Congregational 
Church, Woburn, 1872. 
255. 
Christianity no favors to ask of 
the world. Church Union, 
November, 1887. 
277. 
Preach in the keynote. Cong. 
Union Quarterly, January, 
1891. 

298. 
The girl, the cent, and a hen. 
Church Union, 1889; Am. 
Home Missionary Magazine, 
April, 1891. 

313. 
Review of Dr. H. I. Bowditch's 
works. Contributed to the S. 
Sc., London, October, 1890. 
329. 
Review Hog- Cholera, U. S. 
Government report. Virginia 
Medical Monthly, August, 
1889. 

331. 
Did he 1 Simon Bore, strip the 
tree of knowledge, O, at col- 
lege, 0. University Maga- 
zine, April, 1890. 
357. 
No man dictates to me what I 
shall eat, drink, or wear. 
Youth's Comp. , December, 
1890. 



Partial List of Writings 



of 



JOHN ASHBURTON CUTTER, M,D, B.Sc, F.S.SC 



i. 

fracture of the patella. Inaugu- 
ral essay, Albany Medical 
College, March, 1886. Table 
of cases published with article 
of Prof. F. S. Dennis, M.D. 
New York Medical Journal, 
April 11th, 1886. 



Medical Missionary Society. Al- 
bany Medical Annals, 1887. 



Ninth International Medical 
Congress. Albany Medical 
Annals, October, 1887. 



7. 

Answer to Food vs. Bacilli in 
Consumption. Virginia Med- 
ical Monthly, December, 1888. 
" 8. 

Trophopathy in the fatty and 
fibroid degenerations. Jointly 
with E. Cutter. American 
Medical Association, 1889 ; 
Journal of American Medical 
Association, March, 1890 ; Die- 
tetic Gazette, December, 1889; 
The Doctor, September, 1889; 
Va. Medical Monthly, Janu- 
ary, 1890; Southern Practi- 
tioner, February, 1890; New 
England Medical Monthly, 
February, 1890; London Lan- 
cet, vol. i., 1890. 



Some facts pertaining to medical 
missions and the International 
Medical Missionary Society. 
Albany Medical Annals, May, 

1888. 



Thirty-ninth annual meeting of 
the American Medical Associa- 
tion. Albany Medical Annals, 
June, 1888. 

6. 

Thirty-third annual meeting of 
the Kentucky State Medical 
Society. Albany Medical An- 
nals, September, 1888. 



On the death of a cured case of 
tuberculosis pulmonalis. Va. 
Medical Monthly, September, 
1889. 

10. 

Clinical morphology vs. bacte- 
riology. Read before Missis- 
sippi Valley Medical Associa- 
tion, September 11th, 1889; 
Medical Bulletin, Philadel- 
phia, 1889; Weekly Medical 
Review, 1889; New England 
Medical Monthly, 1889; Va. 
Medical Monthly, October, 
1889; Southern Practitioner, 
October, 1889; The Doctor, 
September, 1889 ; Albany Med- 
ical Annals, 1889. 



26 



PARTIAL LIST OF WRITINGS OF J. A. CUTTER. 



11. 

Feeding in the wasting- diseases. 
Report to Committee on Diete- 
tics American Medical Asso- 
ciation, May, 1890; E. Cutter, 
jointly, Journal of Am. Med. 
Association, July 20th, 1890; 
Medical Bulletin, June, Julv, 
and August, 1890; N. E. Medi- 
cal Monthly, August, 1890; 
Pacific Med. Journal, August, 
1890; Southern Practitioner, 
July and August, 1890; Vir- 



ginia Medical Monthly, June 
and July, 1890. 

12. 
Some matters pertaining to gal- 
vanism of fibroid tumors. 
Read before Gynecological 
Society of Boston, June, 1890. 

13. 
Pleasant recollections of my 
Alma Mater. Albany Medical 
Annals, January, 1891. 















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